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20k3 Review > MCAT Psych (RESEARCH) > Flashcards

MCAT Psych (RESEARCH) Flashcards

1
Q

Self-observation of a phenomenon by researcher or small group of participants.

-Introspection can provide insight into behaviors and occurrences that are difficult to measure

A

Phenomenological study

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2
Q

Comparisons are made between one group and another to test for differences

A

Between-subject design

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3
Q

A study design in which data collection or survey of a population or sample occurs at a specific time

A

Cross-sectional study

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4
Q

A review of many studies to combine results and find an emergent pattern in an area of research

A

Meta-analysis

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5
Q

Any two types of research methodology are cobined in the same study, such as qualitative and quantitative or between-studies and within-subjects

A

Mixed methods

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6
Q

A technique used by researchers who wish to make experimental and control groups similar along a set of variables

A

Randomized block technique

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7
Q

Researchers incorrectly reject the null hypothesis, also known as a false hypothesis

A

Type 1 error

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8
Q

Researchers accept the null hypothesis when in fact it is false, known as a false negative

A

Type 2 error

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9
Q

Comparisons are made at different time points for the same group

A

Within-subjects design

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10
Q

A theory that views society as being in competition for limited resources

A

Conflict theory

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11
Q

A dominant religious organization that includes most members of a society, and is recognized as the exclusive national religion

A

Ecclesia

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12
Q

A theory that conceptualizes society as a living organism with many different parts and organs, each of which has a distinct purpose

A

Functionalism

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13
Q

The elements that serve some function in society, such as laws, morals, values, religions, customs, rituals, and rules that make up society

A

Social facts

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14
Q

A sociological theory that argues that reality is constructed not inherent.

A

Social constructionism

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15
Q

A social mechanism or practice that is created and sustained by society

A

Social construct

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16
Q

A complex of roles, norms, and values organized into a relatively stable form that contributed to social order by governing the behavior of people

A

Social institutions

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17
Q

A group of people who share a culture and live/interact with each other within a definable area

A

Society

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18
Q

A system in which companies are privately run, but work closely with the government in forming laws and regulations

A

State capitalism

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19
Q

A micro-level theory in sociology, which examines the relationship between individuals and society by focusing on communication, the exchange of information through language and symbols

A

Symbolic interactionism

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20
Q

A form of leadership where power is due to custom, tradition, or accepted practice

A

Traditional authority

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21
Q

A system in which most of the economy is private with the exception of extensive social welfare programs to serve certain needs within society

A

Welfare capitalism

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22
Q

The foundational work on ___ explained that material culture changes much faster than non-material culture, which often resists change

A

Cultural lag

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23
Q

A set of theories describing the process through which societies and cultures have progressed over time

A

Sociocultural evolution

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24
Q

refers to the fact that changes in total fertility rates are often not reflected in the birth rate for several generations

A

Population-lag effect

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25
Q

refers to the nature and extent of disease in a population

A

Morbidity

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26
Q

___refers to the conscious experience of individuals or groups that do not have the resources needed for the social experiences and services that are seen as appropriate to their social position.

A

Relative deprivation

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27
Q

___refers to the way people are categorized in society; people can be categorized by race, education, wealth, and income.

A

Social stratification

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28
Q

The visible and invisible rules of social conduct within a society

A

Norms

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29
Q

The belief that bad things happen to other people, but not to us

A

Optimism bias

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30
Q

A large group, more impersonal than a network, that comes together to pursue particular activiites and meet goals efficiently

A

Organization

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31
Q

Cognitive route of persuasion that involves more superficial or secondary characteristics

A

Peripheral route

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32
Q

A distinct sense of self; including personally-defined attributes

A

Personal identity

33
Q

Thoughts. attitudes, and feelings someone holds about a group that are based on a prejudgment or biased thinking about a group and its members

A

Prejudice

34
Q

Occurs when we assume others have the same beliefs we do, due to our tendency to look for similarities between ourselves and others

A

Projection bias

35
Q

___consists of who you are in terms of your race, religion, gender, occupation, and such

A

Social identity

36
Q

The tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves is known as __

A

self-reference effect

37
Q

___is constructed out of your life experiences, societal expectations and the things you admire about role models

A

Ideal self

38
Q

___is the idea that a person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and the perception of others.

A

Looking-glass self

39
Q

____is the theory that the mind and self emerge through th process of communicating with others. This theory was the beginning of what became sumbolic interactionism

A

Social behaviorism

40
Q

___are rewards and punishments for behaviors that are in accord with or against norms

A

Sanctions

41
Q

___are generally written down, like laws that are precisely defined, publicly presented, and often have strict penalties

A

Formal norms

42
Q

___are understood but less precise and usually carry no specific punishment

A

Informal norms

43
Q

___is a social condition in which individuals are not provided with firm guidelines in relation to norms and values and there is minimal moral guidance or social ethic

A

Anomie

44
Q

This perspective argues that deviance is a learned behavior resulting from interactions between individuals and their communities

A

Differential association

45
Q

This perspective suggests that deviance is the result of society’s response to a person rather than something inherent in the person’s actions

A

Labeling theory

46
Q

This perspective purports that deviance is the result of experienced strain, either individual or structural

A

Structural strain

47
Q

__refers to when individuals attribute behaviors to internal causes

A

Dispositional attribution

48
Q

___refers to when individuals attribute behaviors to external causes

A

Situational attribution

49
Q

We are more likely to assume that a persons actions are who they are rather than it being a situational thing.

A

Fundamental attribution error

50
Q

Tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities

A

Actor-observer bias

51
Q

The tendency to attribute success to ourselves and failures to others or external environment

A

Self-serving bias

52
Q

__explains when people will be influenced by the content of the speech (logic of the argument) and when people will be influenced by other, more superficial characteristics like the appearance of the orator or the length of the speech

A

Elaboration likelihood model

53
Q

Looks art how key events in a person’s life such as marriage, death, and the birth of children unfold over time and lead to a person’s development

A

Life course perspective or life course approach

54
Q

Expressing the opposite of what one really feels, when it would feel too dangerous to express the real feeling

A

Reaction formation

55
Q

Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another peron (I’m not angry, you are!)

A

Projection

56
Q

Redirecting aggressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action or object onto a less dangerous one

A

Displacement

57
Q

Explaining and intellectually justifying one’s impulsive behavior

A

Rationalization

58
Q

Reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavior

A

Regression

59
Q

Channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities, such as producing art

A

Sublimation

60
Q

During this stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages, sexual interest subside and are replaced by interest in other areas such as school, friends, and sports

A

Latency stage

61
Q

During this stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages, sexual themes resurface and a person’s life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendships, arts, sports, and careers

A

Genital stage

62
Q

According to this theory, humans are seen as inherently good and as having free will, rather than having their behavior determined by their early relationships

A

Humanistic theory

63
Q

An innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism

A

Actualizing tendency

64
Q

Realizing his or her human potential as long as no obstacles intervene

A

Self actualization

65
Q

___ is made up of the child’s conscious, subjective perceptions and beliefs about him- or herself

A

Self concept

66
Q

___ is determinstic, proposing that people begin as blank slates, and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual’s subsequent behavior and personalities

A

Behaviorism

67
Q

In ___ behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them.

A

Operant conditioning

68
Q

___ are evident from a person’s behavior

Example: he is talkative or exuberant

A

Surface traits

69
Q

___ are factors underlying human personality and behavior they are few and usually abstract such as introversion or extroversion

A

Source traits

70
Q

What are the 5 global factors?

A 
Extroversion
Anxiety
Receptivity
Accommodation
Self-Control
71
Q

___ are considered internal, stable, and enduring aspects of personality that should be consistent across most situations

A

Trait

72
Q

If your blood glucose drops, you feel hungry, and have a drive to eat

A

Drive Reduction theory

73
Q

External stimuli, objects, and events in the environment that either help induce or discourage certain behaviors.

A

Incentives

74
Q

What are the hierarchy of needs as stated by maslow from 1st need to highest

A
  1. Physiological needs
  2. Safety Needs
  3. Love and belongingness
  4. Esteem needs
  5. Self-actualization
75
Q

What are the 3 components of attitude?

A
  • affect (emotion)
  • Behavior tendencies
  • Cognition
76
Q

If a scary dog begins to chase you, first you experience an increased heart rate and this is followed by the conscious labeling of the experience as “fear”

A

James-Lange Theory

77
Q

A scary dog comes running after you (stimulus) -> you experience fear (emotion) AND an increased heart rate (phsyiological response) same time

A

Cannon-Bard Theory

78
Q

Stimulus -> physiological response -> cognitive interpretation -> emotion

A

Schachter- Singer

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