MCAT Psych (RESEARCH) Flashcards by Carmen Wheeler

Self-observation of a phenomenon by researcher or small group of participants.

-Introspection can provide insight into behaviors and occurrences that are difficult to measure

Phenomenological study

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Comparisons are made between one group and another to test for differences

Between-subject design

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A study design in which data collection or survey of a population or sample occurs at a specific time

Cross-sectional study

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A review of many studies to combine results and find an emergent pattern in an area of research

Meta-analysis

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Any two types of research methodology are cobined in the same study, such as qualitative and quantitative or between-studies and within-subjects

Mixed methods

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A technique used by researchers who wish to make experimental and control groups similar along a set of variables

Randomized block technique

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Researchers incorrectly reject the null hypothesis, also known as a false hypothesis

Type 1 error

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Researchers accept the null hypothesis when in fact it is false, known as a false negative

Type 2 error

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Comparisons are made at different time points for the same group

Within-subjects design

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A theory that views society as being in competition for limited resources

Conflict theory

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A dominant religious organization that includes most members of a society, and is recognized as the exclusive national religion

Ecclesia

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A theory that conceptualizes society as a living organism with many different parts and organs, each of which has a distinct purpose

Functionalism

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The elements that serve some function in society, such as laws, morals, values, religions, customs, rituals, and rules that make up society

Social facts

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A sociological theory that argues that reality is constructed not inherent.

Social constructionism

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A social mechanism or practice that is created and sustained by society

Social construct

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A complex of roles, norms, and values organized into a relatively stable form that contributed to social order by governing the behavior of people

Social institutions

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A group of people who share a culture and live/interact with each other within a definable area

Society

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A system in which companies are privately run, but work closely with the government in forming laws and regulations

State capitalism

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A micro-level theory in sociology, which examines the relationship between individuals and society by focusing on communication, the exchange of information through language and symbols

Symbolic interactionism

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A form of leadership where power is due to custom, tradition, or accepted practice

Traditional authority

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A system in which most of the economy is private with the exception of extensive social welfare programs to serve certain needs within society

Welfare capitalism

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The foundational work on ___ explained that material culture changes much faster than non-material culture, which often resists change

Cultural lag

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A set of theories describing the process through which societies and cultures have progressed over time

Sociocultural evolution

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refers to the fact that changes in total fertility rates are often not reflected in the birth rate for several generations

Population-lag effect

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refers to the nature and extent of disease in a population

Morbidity

___refers to the conscious experience of individuals or groups that do not have the resources needed for the social experiences and services that are seen as appropriate to their social position.

Relative deprivation

___refers to the way people are categorized in society; people can be categorized by race, education, wealth, and income.

Social stratification

The visible and invisible rules of social conduct within a society

Norms

The belief that bad things happen to other people, but not to us

Optimism bias

A large group, more impersonal than a network, that comes together to pursue particular activiites and meet goals efficiently

Organization

Cognitive route of persuasion that involves more superficial or secondary characteristics

Peripheral route

A distinct sense of self; including personally-defined attributes

Personal identity

Thoughts. attitudes, and feelings someone holds about a group that are based on a prejudgment or biased thinking about a group and its members

Prejudice

Occurs when we assume others have the same beliefs we do, due to our tendency to look for similarities between ourselves and others

Projection bias

___consists of who you are in terms of your race, religion, gender, occupation, and such

Social identity

The tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves is known as __

self-reference effect

___is constructed out of your life experiences, societal expectations and the things you admire about role models

Ideal self

___is the idea that a person's sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and the perception of others.

Looking-glass self

____is the theory that the mind and self emerge through th process of communicating with others. This theory was the beginning of what became sumbolic interactionism

Social behaviorism

___are rewards and punishments for behaviors that are in accord with or against norms

Sanctions

___are generally written down, like laws that are precisely defined, publicly presented, and often have strict penalties

Formal norms

___are understood but less precise and usually carry no specific punishment

Informal norms

___is a social condition in which individuals are not provided with firm guidelines in relation to norms and values and there is minimal moral guidance or social ethic

Anomie

This perspective argues that deviance is a learned behavior resulting from interactions between individuals and their communities

Differential association

This perspective suggests that deviance is the result of society's response to a person rather than something inherent in the person's actions

Labeling theory

This perspective purports that deviance is the result of experienced strain, either individual or structural

Structural strain

__refers to when individuals attribute behaviors to internal causes

Dispositional attribution

___refers to when individuals attribute behaviors to external causes

Situational attribution

We are more likely to assume that a persons actions are who they are rather than it being a situational thing.

Fundamental attribution error

Tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities

Actor-observer bias

The tendency to attribute success to ourselves and failures to others or external environment

Self-serving bias

__explains when people will be influenced by the content of the speech (logic of the argument) and when people will be influenced by other, more superficial characteristics like the appearance of the orator or the length of the speech

Elaboration likelihood model

Looks art how key events in a person's life such as marriage, death, and the birth of children unfold over time and lead to a person's development

Life course perspective or life course approach

Expressing the opposite of what one really feels, when it would feel too dangerous to express the real feeling

Reaction formation

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another peron (I'm not angry, you are!)

Projection

Redirecting aggressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action or object onto a less dangerous one

Displacement

Explaining and intellectually justifying one's impulsive behavior

Rationalization

Reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavior

Regression

Channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities, such as producing art

Sublimation

During this stage of Freud's psychosexual stages, sexual interest subside and are replaced by interest in other areas such as school, friends, and sports

Latency stage

During this stage of Freud's psychosexual stages, sexual themes resurface and a person's life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendships, arts, sports, and careers

Genital stage

According to this theory, humans are seen as inherently good and as having free will, rather than having their behavior determined by their early relationships

Humanistic theory

An innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism

Actualizing tendency

Realizing his or her human potential as long as no obstacles intervene

Self actualization

___ is made up of the child's conscious, subjective perceptions and beliefs about him- or herself

Self concept

___ is determinstic, proposing that people begin as blank slates, and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual's subsequent behavior and personalities

Behaviorism

In ___ behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them.

Operant conditioning

___ are evident from a person's behavior | Example: he is talkative or exuberant

Surface traits

___ are factors underlying human personality and behavior they are few and usually abstract such as introversion or extroversion

Source traits

What are the 5 global factors?

``` Extroversion Anxiety Receptivity Accommodation Self-Control ```

___ are considered internal, stable, and enduring aspects of personality that should be consistent across most situations

Trait

If your blood glucose drops, you feel hungry, and have a drive to eat

Drive Reduction theory

External stimuli, objects, and events in the environment that either help induce or discourage certain behaviors.

Incentives

What are the hierarchy of needs as stated by maslow from 1st need to highest

1. Physiological needs 2. Safety Needs 3. Love and belongingness 4. Esteem needs 5. Self-actualization

What are the 3 components of attitude?

- affect (emotion) - Behavior tendencies - Cognition

If a scary dog begins to chase you, first you experience an increased heart rate and this is followed by the conscious labeling of the experience as "fear"

James-Lange Theory

A scary dog comes running after you (stimulus) -> you experience fear (emotion) AND an increased heart rate (phsyiological response) same time

Cannon-Bard Theory

Stimulus -> physiological response -> cognitive interpretation -> emotion

Schachter- Singer