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20k3 Review > MCAT Psych part 2 > Flashcards

MCAT Psych part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

____includes hairstyles, foods, and the design of

A

Material culture

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2
Q

__is specific to social thoughts and ideas, such as values

A

Non-material culture

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3
Q

A socially defined concept referring to whether a large social group identified with each other based on culture

A

Ethnicity

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4
Q

The potential reproductive capacity of a female in a population

A

Fecundity

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5
Q

Poverty that is due to circumstantial conditions such as a lack of stable employment

A

Marginal poverty

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6
Q

An inability to meet the average standard of living within a society

A

Relative poverty

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7
Q

This hypothesis asserts that people understand their world through language and that language, in turn, shapes how people experience the world

A

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis/ Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

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8
Q

The potential for social networks to allow for upward social mobility

A

Social capital

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9
Q

The study of the distribution of health and disease across a population using social concepts to explain patterns of health and illness

A

Social epidemiology

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10
Q

Poverty due to structural effects such as systemic oppression or lack of infrastructure and reliable social institutions

A

Structural poverty

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11
Q

A culture’s standard for evaluating what is good or bad

A

Values

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12
Q

The tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities

A

Actor-observer bias

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13
Q

A theory that attempts to explain behavior by attributing it to either internal or external causes

A

Attribution theory

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14
Q

People who share similar characteristics but are not otherwise linked as a group

A

Category

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15
Q

Organizations in which members do not have a choice in joining

A

Coercive organizations

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16
Q

Judging another culture based on its own cultural standards

A

Cultural relativism

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17
Q

Unjust TREATMENT of a group, based on group characteristics

A

Discrimination

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18
Q

Model that explains whether the content of an argument or some more superficial attribute is more likely to cause persuasion

A

Elaboration likelihood model

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19
Q

The tendency to judge PEOPLE from another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

A

Ethnocentrism

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20
Q

Norms that are more informal, yet shape everyday behavior

styles of dress, ways of greeting

A

Folkways

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21
Q

This principle suggests that when someone is blocked from achieving a goal, this frustration can trigger anger, which can lead to aggression

A

Frustration-aggression principle

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22
Q

The tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of a person’s character or personality on their behavior

A

Fundamental attribution error

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23
Q

The phenomenon where groups tend to intensify the preexisting views of their members until the average view is more extreme than it initially was

A

Group polarization

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24
Q

A phenomenon in which the desire for group harmony results in an easy consensus, even if the final decision is not the best one

A

Group think

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25
Q

A tendency to believe that people have inherently good or bad natures, rather than looking at individual characteristics

A

Halo effect

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26
Q

Tendency to believe that an event was predictable AFTER it has already occurred

A

Hindsight bias

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27
Q

A psychological perspective that emphasizes an individual’s inherent drive toward self-actualization

A

Humanistic psychology

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28
Q

Constructed out of experiences,expectations, and role models; the person one wishes to be

A

Ideal self

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29
Q

The process whereby people attempt to manage their images by influencing others perception

A

Impression management/ self-presentation

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30
Q

A theory that suggests that cooperation among organisms promotes genetic success

A

Inclusive fitness

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31
Q

The emotional result when the real self falls short of the ideal self

A

Incongruity

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32
Q

The process of complying to do the right thing because “others know something we don’t know”

A

Informational social influence

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33
Q

The ability to learn from experience, problem-solve, and adapt to new situations

A

Intelligence

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34
Q

The tendency to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve

A

Just world phenomenon

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35
Q

Sociological theory that investigates key events in a person’s life and how they unfold over time and lead to a person’s development

A

Life course perspective

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36
Q

The idea that a person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and the perceptions of others

A

Looking Glass self

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37
Q

The status that dominates other statuses and determines an individual’s position in society

A

Master status

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38
Q

When dissenting opinions are prevented from permeating a group by filtering out information that goes against group beliefs

A

Mindguarding

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39
Q

The phenomenon where people develop preference for things because they have been exposed to them

A

Mere exposure effect

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40
Q

Norms that are highly important for the benefit of society and so are often strictly enforced

A

Mores

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41
Q

A perspective that endorses equal standing for all cultural traditions

A

Multiculturalism (pluralism)

42
Q

When the motivation for compliance is a desire for the approval of others and to avoid rejection

A

Normative social influence

43
Q

An organization where membership is based on morally relevant goals

A

Normative organization

44
Q

The visible and invisible rules of social conduct within a society

A

Norms

45
Q

A large group, more impersonal than a network, that comes together to pursue particular activities and meet goals efficiently

A

Organization

46
Q

Cognitive route of persuasion that involves more superficial or secondary characteristics

A

Peripheral route

47
Q

A distinct sense of self, including personally-defined attributes

A

Personal identity

48
Q

THOUGHTS ATTITUDES AND FEELINGS someone holds about a group that are based on a prejudgement or biased thinking about a group and its members

A

Prejudice

49
Q

Occurs when we assume others have the same beliefs we do, due to our tendency to look for similarities between ourselves and others

A

Projection bias

50
Q

Occurs when there is a conflict in society’s expectations for multiple statuses held by the same person
(example: being male and being a nurse)

A

Role conflict

51
Q

The process of disengaging from a role that has become closely tied to one’s self-identity to take on a new role

A

Role exit

52
Q

Occurs when a single status results in conflicting expectations

A

Role strain

53
Q

The sum of a individuals knowledge and understanding of his or herself

A

Self-concept

54
Q

Awareness of one’s self

A

Self-consciousness

55
Q

The belief in one’s own competence and effectiveness

A

Self-efficacy

56
Q

One’s overall self-evaluation of one’s self-worth

A

Self-esteem

57
Q

When stereotypes lead a person to behave in such a way as to affirm the original stereotype

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

58
Q

A strategy in which people create obstacles and excuses to avoid self-blame when they do poorly

A

Self-handicapping

59
Q

The beliefs and ideas people have about themselves

A

Self-schemas

60
Q

The tendency to attribute our successes to ourselves and our failures to others or the external environment

A

Self-serving bias

61
Q

Social psychology theory that individuals wish to be understood in terms of their deeply held beliefs in a way that is consistent with their self-concept

A

Self verification

62
Q

The idea that the mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others

A

Social behaviorism

63
Q

The ability of the brain to store and process information regarding social perception

A

Social cognition

64
Q

According to this perspective, personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors

A

Social cognitive perspective

65
Q

The phenomenon that describes how people tend to perform simple, well-learned tasks better when other people are present, while difficult, novel tasks are performed poorly in front of others

A

Social facilitation effect

66
Q

The social definitions of self, including race, religion, gender, occupation, and the like

A

Social identity

67
Q

A web of social relationships including those in which a person is directly linked as well as indirectly connected people

A

Social network

68
Q

The ability to understand others in our social world

A

Social perception

69
Q

The process through which people learn to be proficient members of society

A

Socialization

70
Q

Expectations for people of a given social status

A

Social roles

71
Q

The perception that one is cared for and part of a social network; supportive resources can be tangible or emotional

A

Social support

72
Q

Oversimplified ideas about groups of people, based on characteristics

A

Stereotypes

73
Q

Refers to a self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

A

Stereotype threat

74
Q

Extreme disapproval of a person or group based on the person or groups actual or perceived deviance from society

A

Stigma

75
Q

An organization in which members get paid for their efforts, such as businesses

A

Utilitarian organization

76
Q

This type of therapy uses conditioning to shape a client’s behavior in the desired direction

A

Behavioral therapy

77
Q

The perspective that personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on the environment

A

Behaviorism

78
Q

A type of therapy that addresses thoughts and behaviors that are maladaptive by using goal-oriented and systematic techniques

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

79
Q

A theory that explains that we feel tension whenever we hold two thoughts that are incompatible

A

Cognitive dissonance theory

80
Q

According to psychoanalytic theory, the death instinct drives aggressive behaviors fueled by unconscious wish to die or to hurt oneself or others

A

Death instinct

81
Q

According to Freuid’s psychoanalytic theory, the ego is ruled by the reality principle, and uses logical thinking and planning to control consciousness

A

Ego

82
Q

Mechanisms developed to cope with anxiety and protect the ego, in a way that unconsciously denies or distorts reality

A

Ego defense mechanisms

83
Q

Is the source of energy and instinct that seeks to gain pleasure

A

Id

84
Q

A theory that suggests that incentives (objects that either induce or discourage behaviors) motivate human behavior

A

Incentive theory

85
Q

Behaviors that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns throughout a species

A

Instinct

86
Q

When people modify their attitudes to match their behaviors, specifically those involving effort

A

Justification of effort

87
Q

The life instinct, which drives behaviors focused on survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance, and seeking pleasure

A

Libido

88
Q

A disagreement about the degree to which a person’s reaction in a given situation is due to their personality or is due to the situation itself

A

Person-Situation controversy

89
Q

The nuanced and complex individual pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior associated with each person

A

Personality

90
Q

A generally stable predisposition toward a certain behavior

A

Personality trait

91
Q

The idea that an attitude affects a person’s aggregate or average behavior, but cannot necessarily predict each isolated act

A

Principle of aggregation

92
Q

According to this theory, personality is shaped by a person’s unconscious thoughts,feelings and memories

A

Psychoanalytic theory

93
Q

This therapy approach helps a patient become aware of his or her unconscious sources for emotional issues and conflicts that are causing difficulties

A

Psychoanalytic therapy

94
Q

According to humanistic psychology, individuals have an innate drive to realize their human potential

A

Self-actualization

95
Q

According to this perspective, personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors

A

Social cognitive perspective

96
Q

According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the __ inhibits the id and influences the ego to follow moralistic rather than realistic goals

A

Superego

97
Q

Internal stable, and enduring aspects of personality that should be consistent across most situations

A

Trait

98
Q

Law that asserts that a moderate level of arousal creates optimal performance. Too little arousal leads to complacency and too much arousal can be overwhelming.

A

Yerkes-Dodson Law

99
Q

refers to the phenomenon where cultures take time to catch up with technological innovations

A

cultural lag

100
Q

increased electrical conductivity of the skin is a physiological indication of

A

Sympathetic activation

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