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Hope's Fall Quarter Studying > Psych 10 (Batch 2) > Flashcards

Psych 10 (Batch 2) Flashcards

Lectures 4, 5, 6

1
Q

What are some differences between correlational and experimental designs?

A

Correlational:
- Measures the strength of the relationship between two things (-1 to 1)
- Observed
- Cannot infer causation

Experimental:
- Experimentally manipulating an IV to see its impact on a DV
- Is controlled
- Can infer causation

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2
Q

What are some characteristics of quasi-experimental designs?

A

-Similar to experimental research but there is no random assignment to conditions
-Relies on existing group membership (gender, married vs. single, age groups)
-Can’t infer causality

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3
Q

What’s converging operations?

A

A research strategy where a variety of research techniques are used to investigate or converge upon a particular experimental or research result.

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4
Q

What are the 3 major regions in the brain?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbraid

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5
Q

What’s the function of the cerebellum?

A

Motor coordination/control

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6
Q

What’s the function of the medulla?

A

Coordinates heart rate, circulation, respiration

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7
Q

What’s the function of the reticular formation?

A

Regulates sleep, wakefulness, & arousal

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8
Q

What’s the pons?

A

Relays information from cerebellum to the rest of the brain

'’visualize a bridge over a pond → bridge to cerebellum’’

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9
Q

What’s the function of the tegmentum & tectum?

A

Orienting in response to stimuli

tectum = audio/visual
tegmentum = movement/arousal

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10
Q

What’s the function of the thalamus?

A

Filters and transmit info from senses to cortex (train stage for sensory info)

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11
Q

What’s the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates the 4 F’s…

  • Fighting
  • Feeding
  • Fleeting
  • Mating (fucking)
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12
Q

What’s the function of the amygdala?

A

Role in emotional processes

“Amy is so emotional”

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13
Q

What’s the function of the hippocampus?

A

Critical for creating and integrating new memories

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14
Q

Who is Patient H.M.?

A
  • He got hippocampus removed to try and reduce seizures
  • Could not form any new memories
  • He could remember things from his past for the most part but couldn’t make new memories
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15
Q

Do different people have different learning styles?

A

No, this is a myth. People only have different learning preferences.

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16
Q

What’s the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Intentional movement (tip to remember: “turn up the bass” & people start dancing)

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17
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A
  • Primary visual cortex
  • Involved in initial processing of visual information
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18
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Processing of auditory information
  • Auditory cortex
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19
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Registers the sense of touch

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20
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?

A

Cortical representations of information are
weighted by “importance” (ex: paper clip test)

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21
Q

What is the function of the motor cortex?

A

Involved in initiation of movement

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22
Q

What happens in Broca’s aphasia?

A
  • Difficulty in producing speech
  • often have an extremely limited number of words that they can say
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23
Q

What is the function of the wernicke’s area?

A

Speech comprehension

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24
Q

What is aphasia?

A

The loss of ability to use or understand speech/language

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25
Q

What does split brain mean?

A

The corpus callosum is cut in surgery

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26
Q

Who is Santiago Ramón y Cajal?

A

Father of modern neuroscience

27
Q

What is a neuron?

A

a cell that specializes in receiving and transmitting information

28
Q

What is the function of the cell body? (in a neuron)

A

coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps cell alive

29
Q

What is the function of the dendrites?

A

Receive information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

30
Q

What is the axon?

A

long slender projection that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body

31
Q

What is the synapse?

A

the region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite (or cell body) of another

32
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Fatty sheath that insulates axons resulting in increased speed of and efficiency of neural communication

33
Q

What are the 2 parts of the process for when neurons “send” and “receive” messages?

A
  • Action potential (within one neuron
  • Transmission across the synapse (from 1 neuron to the next)
34
Q

What did they study in Hodgin & Huxley (1952)?

A

Studied neural impulses using squid axons
(Did it on squid bc their axons are way bigger than humans)

35
Q

What is action potential?

A

An electrical signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron’s axon to a synapse (all-or-none phenomena)

36
Q

When a neuron is at rest…
- outside is ___ charged
- inside is ____ charged
- Resting potential = ____mV

A
  • outside is + charged
  • inside is - charged
  • Resting potential = -70 mV
37
Q

What is depolarization?

A
  • When stimulated, sodium channels open and ions rush in
  • Makes cell more positive (bc sodium has rushed in)
38
Q

What is repolarization?

A
  • After the sodium gates close, potassium [K+] moves out
  • Makes cell more negative than it was
39
Q

What happens when the action potential reaches the synaptic terminal?

A

It causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

40
Q

Neurotransmitters can be _______ or
_______

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

41
Q

What does it mean if a neurotransmitter is excitatory?

A

increases the likelihood of an action potential (by causing the membrane potential to be less negative)

42
Q

What does it mean if a neurotransmitter is inhibitory?

A

decreases the likelihood of an action potential (by causing the membrane potential to be more negative)

43
Q

How is the strength of sensations determined?

A
  • Rate of firing
  • Number of neurons stimulated
44
Q

What are some examples of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
45
Q

What is acetylcholine (Ach)?

A

Important transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles

46
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure and emotional arousal (degeneration of these neurons in a particular part of brain linked to Parkinson’s)

47
Q

What is serotonin?

A

Neurotransmitter that plays a primary role in regulating, sleep, wakefulness, and eating behavior

48
Q

Compare agonist and antagonist neurotransmitters.

A
  • Agonist: chemical that enhances or mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
  • Antagonist: chemical that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter (ex: botox or botulinum toxin)
49
Q

What does MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) mean?

A

uses a powerful magnetic field to produce high-quality
images of the brain and its structure

50
Q

What does fMRI (Functional magnetic resonance imaging) mean?

A
  • Used to examine changes in ongoing brain activity by measuring changes in the blood’s oxygen levels
  • Great for determining location (i.e., good spatial resolution); not so great at determining timing (i.e., bad temporal)
51
Q

What does electroencephalography (EEG) mean?

A
  • EEG can record electrical activity from large populations
    of simultaneously active neurons at the scalp with millisecond resolution.
  • EEG is a direct measure of neural activity.
  • EEG has good temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution
52
Q

Define sensation.

A

physical processing of environmental stimuli by the sense organs

53
Q

Define perception.

A

the psychological process of interpreting sensory information

54
Q

Define psychophysics.

A

methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer’s sensitivity to that stimulus

55
Q

Define absolute threshold.

A

Smallest amount of stimulation needed for detection by a sense (50% of the time)

56
Q

What is just noticeable difference (difference threshold?

A

The minimum difference between 2 stimuli needed to detect a difference between them 50% of the time

(ex: easier to tell difference between 10 and 11 lb dumbbells than 100 and 101 lb)

57
Q

Compare top-down processing and bottom-up processing.

A

Top-down processing:
- When our perceptions are influenced by our expectations or by our prior knowledge
- ex: green needle vs brainstorm

Bottom-up processing:
- Occurs when we perceive individual bits of sensory info (e.g. sounds) and use them to construct a more complex message
- ex: “a” or “e” –> “sweats or sweets” –> sweats

58
Q

What is the signal-detection theory?

A

Response to a stimulus depends on person’s sensitivity and on a person’s decision criteria…

  • Person’s experience
  • Expectations
  • Motivation
  • Level of fatigue
  • Consequences of missing

ex: radiologist

59
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

Diminished sensitivity as a result of constant or recurring stimuli

Ex: you can’t smell your own perfume after a few hours but other ppl still smell it

60
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Focusing on one particular task or event

(ex: half of ppl miss gorilla suit in video bc they are focused on ball)

61
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

A failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

62
Q

What is change blindness?

A

The failure to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

ex: in a movie where a shirt is buttoned then unbuttoned and you don’t notice or people switching behind the painting

63
Q

When light passes through the cornea and lens, it is bent so that the light waves cross and project an upside down and backwards image on the retina… Top becomes _____, and left becomes ________.

A

bottom, right

Hope's Fall Quarter Studying (10 decks)

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