Cluster (Quiz 1) Flashcards
What are hormones?
Organic chemical messengers produced/released by endocrine glands
How do hormones work?
- Released into bloodstreams (but not always)
- Act on target tissues (w/ receptors)
- Coordinate physiology and behavior by regulating, integrating, and controlling bodily function
- Change gene expression & cellular function
Compare endocrine and exocrine glands.
Endocrine → secretes stuff that remains in the body
Exocrine → secretes into external environment
What must all hormones bind to to activate actions
a receptor IN or ON the cell
How many steroid receptors can cells/tissues have?
1 or more
True or false: Numerous regions of the brain, small and large, express receptors for sex-steroid hormones
True
Compare activational and organizational effects of hormones.
Activational:
- Short term/only while hormone is present
-change happens in presence of hormone/goes away when hormone is taken away
- Secretion of hormones naturally goes up & down to signal important functions
Organizational:
- Permanent changes in structure or function that usually occur developmentally
Who made it possible for people to measure the minute levels of hormones?
Rosalyn Yalow
How many eggs (“ova”) are human females born with?
All that they will have for the rest of their reproductive life which ends with menopause.
What is a follicle?
a small secretory cavity, sac, or gland (ball of cells around ovum)
What 2 dominant female hormones do follicles make?
Estradiol & progesterone
Where are sperm produced?
Within the seminiferous tubules (in large quanitites)
Where are leydig cells located and what do they do?
- Located in between the seminiferous tubules
- Makes testosterone which help make sperm
- Enters the bloodstream as a hormone
Define phenotype.
observable characteristics of an organism
What happened in the first “experiment” demonstrating that gonads secreted something to impact phenotype?
There were 3 groups of chickens:
- castration
- castration & reimplantation of their own testis
- castration & transplantation of another chick’s testis.
.
- The second 2 developed normally
- The first group had small comb/wattles, no interest in hens, & no aggression toward other males
Can phenotypes be hormone-dependent?
Yes
What are examples of appetitive behavior? Which hormones activate them?
Examples:
- Sexual motivation
- Courtship
- Mate choice
Activated by:
- Estrogens
- Androgens
What hormones are consummatory behaviors activated by?
- Estrogens
- Androgens
What hormones are parental behaviors activated by?
Progesterone +
What hormones are aggressive behaviors activated by?
- Estrogens
- Androgens
Briefly describe rat sex.
- Male mounts female
- Female arches back (lordosis) allows intromission
- Male inserts penis
- Eventually ejaculates
Give an example of a species that is sex-role reversed. Explain.
Red Phalarope
- female red & male more bland/brown
- male birds nest
- female pursues mails
- female lays eggs in male’s nest
- female departs to pursue other males
- males incubate eggs
- chicks hatch then take care of themself
This is a “non-traditional system”
What is the significance of Queen Elizabeth 1’s virginity?
The queen’s ‘virginal body’ represents England’s inviolability. It is a metaphor and doesn’t matter if she was actually a virgin.
Give examples of abstract (and neuter) nouns that are commonly represented as female. What do we call these?
- Lady liberty
- Lady Justice
- Mother Nature
-We call these the semantic memory of the Greek & Latin words which are coded grammatically as feminine.
