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Hope's Fall Quarter Studying > Cluster (Quiz 1) > Flashcards

Cluster (Quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Organic chemical messengers produced/released by endocrine glands

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2
Q

How do hormones work?

A
  • Released into bloodstreams (but not always)
  • Act on target tissues (w/ receptors)
  • Coordinate physiology and behavior by regulating, integrating, and controlling bodily function
  • Change gene expression & cellular function
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3
Q

Compare endocrine and exocrine glands.

A

Endocrine → secretes stuff that remains in the body
Exocrine → secretes into external environment

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4
Q

What must all hormones bind to to activate actions

A

a receptor IN or ON the cell

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5
Q

How many steroid receptors can cells/tissues have?

A

1 or more

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6
Q

True or false: Numerous regions of the brain, small and large, express receptors for sex-steroid hormones

A

True

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7
Q

Compare activational and organizational effects of hormones.

A

Activational:
- Short term/only while hormone is present
-change happens in presence of hormone/goes away when hormone is taken away
- Secretion of hormones naturally goes up & down to signal important functions

Organizational:
- Permanent changes in structure or function that usually occur developmentally

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8
Q

Who made it possible for people to measure the minute levels of hormones?

A

Rosalyn Yalow

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9
Q

How many eggs (“ova”) are human females born with?

A

All that they will have for the rest of their reproductive life which ends with menopause.

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10
Q

What is a follicle?

A

a small secretory cavity, sac, or gland (ball of cells around ovum)

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11
Q

What 2 dominant female hormones do follicles make?

A

Estradiol & progesterone

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12
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Within the seminiferous tubules (in large quanitites)

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13
Q

Where are leydig cells located and what do they do?

A
  • Located in between the seminiferous tubules
  • Makes testosterone which help make sperm
  • Enters the bloodstream as a hormone
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14
Q

Define phenotype.

A

observable characteristics of an organism

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15
Q

What happened in the first “experiment” demonstrating that gonads secreted something to impact phenotype?

A

There were 3 groups of chickens:
- castration
- castration & reimplantation of their own testis
- castration & transplantation of another chick’s testis.
.
- The second 2 developed normally
- The first group had small comb/wattles, no interest in hens, & no aggression toward other males

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16
Q

Can phenotypes be hormone-dependent?

A

Yes

17
Q

What are examples of appetitive behavior? Which hormones activate them?

A

Examples:
- Sexual motivation
- Courtship
- Mate choice

Activated by:
- Estrogens
- Androgens

18
Q

What hormones are consummatory behaviors activated by?

A
  • Estrogens
  • Androgens
19
Q

What hormones are parental behaviors activated by?

A

Progesterone +

20
Q

What hormones are aggressive behaviors activated by?

A
  • Estrogens
  • Androgens
21
Q

Briefly describe rat sex.

A
  • Male mounts female
  • Female arches back (lordosis) allows intromission
  • Male inserts penis
  • Eventually ejaculates
22
Q

Give an example of a species that is sex-role reversed. Explain.

A

Red Phalarope

  • female red & male more bland/brown
  • male birds nest
  • female pursues mails
  • female lays eggs in male’s nest
  • female departs to pursue other males
  • males incubate eggs
  • chicks hatch then take care of themself

This is a “non-traditional system”

23
Q

What is the significance of Queen Elizabeth 1’s virginity?

A

The queen’s ‘virginal body’ represents England’s inviolability. It is a metaphor and doesn’t matter if she was actually a virgin.

24
Q

Give examples of abstract (and neuter) nouns that are commonly represented as female. What do we call these?

A
  • Lady liberty
  • Lady Justice
  • Mother Nature

-We call these the semantic memory of the Greek & Latin words which are coded grammatically as feminine.

25
Q

Compare automatic and controlled processes.

A
  • Automatic processes happen w/out intention
  • Controlled processes require us to instigate them/put in effort
26
Q

What did Allport argue about categorization?

A
  • we need categorization to survive/rely on it
  • our experiences form into clusters
  • we can’t be open-minded or handle events on their own
  • categories/stereotypes force us to overlook some other features
27
Q

What is contained in our cognition representation?

A

Knowledge, beliefs, & expectancies that pertain to about some domain (even if they are inaccurate, we use them)

28
Q

How is our cognition representation developed and used?

A
  • They arise through experience, are absorbed from culture, & ingrained through socialization
  • Allow us to take advantage of experience and learning (stored in schemas)
  • Are used to process info about both social & non-social aspects of life
29
Q

How can relying on representations get us into trouble?

A
  • Can contain inaccurate beliefs
  • Can be applied inaccurately
  • Can represent a mismatch between perceiver (attributed gender) and perceived (gender identity)
30
Q

Compare the modern and classic views of cognitive representation.

A

Classic:
- Aristotle
- Discrete entities characterized by a set of properties which are shared by all their members
- Clear boundaries between category members/non members

Modern:
- From cognitive psychology
- Amorphous entities characterized by probabilistic features shared by some members
- Fuzzy boundaries w/ graded membership

31
Q

What are the levels of hierarchies in cognitive representation?

A
  • Superordinate
  • Basic
  • Subordinate
32
Q

How does sociology answer “what is sex?”

A

institution that constrain, enable, or compel different conceptions of binaries & sex roles

33
Q

How does psychology answer “what is sex?”

A

difference in motivations, identity

34
Q

How does biology answer “what is sex?”

A

anatomy & reproductive function

35
Q

How does chemistry answer “what is sex?”

A

hormones & receptors, environmental factors such as BPA exposure

36
Q

How does physics answer “what is sex?”

A

SRY gene on Y chromosome

37
Q

Gives examples of how the language of sex/gender is evolving.

A
  • Emergence of they/them
  • Practice of announcing one’s pronouns
  • New terms for identities, expanding LGB to LGBTQIA+
  • Non-binary entities

Hope's Fall Quarter Studying (10 decks)

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