Cluster (Quiz 3) Flashcards
Lectures 14
How many LGBTQ candidates were on the ballot in
November 2022?
678 (a record number)
What is included on the gender bread person?
- Gender identity
- gender expression
- biological sex
- sexual orientation
What makes up sexual orientation?
- Behavior
- Identity
- Sexual attraction
- sexual fantasy
- Sexual arousal
- Desire (includes attraction, fantasy, arousal)
How many people identified as bisexual/lesbian/gay in 2011?
– 3.4% of women
- 3.6% of men
Describe Gallup polls.
- Aim to be representative
- Cell and landline “random digit dial” method
- Other measures to attempt to reach proportionate number of individuals across geography and other variables
- Not completely unbiased (e.g., not all people have phones0
In 2021, what did Gallup show about LGBT identification in the U.S.?
It ticked up to 7.1%
What generation identified as LGBT the most?
Generation Z
Are more women or men bisexual in the U.S.?
Women (women are 6%, men are 2%)
Explain the ultimate and proximate explanations.
- Ultimate (causation in deep time – evolutionary): Why is the feature present?
- Proximate (causation in “near” time): How does that feature emerge now?
Complementary explanations (you want both and subsets within them for a complete understanding)
same-sex sexual behaviors that occur due to constraints are not the true evolutionary puzzles. The evolutionary mystery is…
Stable same-sex preference
What did Darwin say about inclusive fitness?
- Genes will spread over time if they increase an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce
- (increase individual fitness)
What insight did Hamilton give for inclusive fitness?
- Genes will also spread over time if they cause the
individual to do something that helps other individuals who possess copies of themselves to survive and reproduce - (increase inclusive fitness)
Does selection “care” which vehicle (individual) replicates the genes?
No, whichever genes are replicated the most
will spread.
What is Hamilton’s rule?
When rb > c, selection will favor a trait that makes me pay a cost to benefit someone else.
In the U.S. is there evidence that gay uncles
help siblings any more than straight uncles?
No
What are fa’afafine?
- third gender (male at birth) individuals attracted to men (”androphilic”)
- The presence of fa’afafine within families is associated
with greater reproduction of their relatives, possibly due
passing along of resources - Samoan study
What is the conclusion when asking if kin selection can explain same-sex preference?
- No good resolution to the puzzle
- Possibly some fitness advantage to female relatives of androphilic males, offsetting decrement in their own reproduction
Does bias differ by sex of principal investigator?
No
What are the types of sexual arousal?
- Subjective
- Genital
What are the conclusions of the experiment on men’s sexual arousal?
- Men’s sexual arousal is category specific
- Consistent results of genital and subjective
arousal
What are the conclusions of the experiment on women’s sexual arousal?
- Female genital sexual arousal (at least as measured!) is not category-specific; women respond about equally to all stimuli.
- Subjective arousal patterns are also quite
different than men’s. - Dissociation between subjective and genital arousal—what should we “believe”?
What are some differences between male and female non-heterosexuals?
- Timing: Men tend to know earlier and tend not to change their orientation, whereas women often do change (more later)
- Types: Men show bimodal distribution in attraction,
suggesting distinct types - Identification: Among non-hetero individuals: women more often identify as bi (than men) and men as exclusively gay (than women)
Describe sexual fluidity.
- More female bisexual arousal than male bisexual arousal in Chivers et al. study
- Different time courses: Men tend to “know” early in lives; women later
- More variation over the lifespans of women as compared with men
- Lesbians are more likely to have had heterosexual sex than gay men
- Suggests that explanations for sexual orientation in men and women will probably be very different
What are some common themes within
each sex?
– largely “sex-typical” mate preferences
– Trajectory and manifestation of sexual orientation shared within each sex
Is there variation in sexual orientation and
acceptance of variation
Yes, there is growing variatio
Describe harmful cultural practices.
-“discriminatory practices committed regularly over long periods of time that communities and societies begin to consider them acceptable”
-Term developed by the United Nations
- Focus on practices of “seemingly blatant forms of male domination of women.”
- Adapted into policy by broader development community
What are the 2 definitions of ethnocentrism?
1) The tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which you judge and evaluate other cultures
2) A belief, attitude or mindset that holds that one’s own ethnic group is superior to all others.
What are some issues with the current framework of HCP?
- Implies subordination of women is limited to the Global South
- Blaming poor well-being on “moral failings”
- Underemphasizes broader socioeconomic and structural drivers of behavior (poverty, lack of alternatives)
If the Polygyny Threshold Model works, what should we expect?
If the PTM works, we should expect that RS of polygynously married women will be equal to or greater than that of monogamously married women
What do we see in the Tanzania test of PTM?
- At the population level, communities with more polygyny have worse outcomes
- But if we look within villages then polygynous households do as well or better than monogamous households
- Also in line with the PTM, we see that within
villages polygynous households are wealthier
What are some benefits and costs of polygyny?
- Benefits: labor cooperation, child-care help
- Costs: jealousy over resources or access to husband
What conclusions can we draw from the polygyny case study?
- Polygyny can be harmful to women and children, particularly when it occurs within a context of coercion and lack of female autonomy
- However, in other circumstances, when women have more control over marital decisions, polygyny can lead to equal or greater benefits than monogamous marriage
- More work needs to be done looking at underlying drivers of behavior like poverty and inequality, in order to understand whether polygyny a symptom or a cause of poor outcomes for women and children
What are some benefits of early marriage?
- Where mortality rates are high, earlier marriage and
reproduction could protect overall reproductive success - High mortality rates also mean early marriage could help
ensure kin support in raising children - Marriage can lead to financial security
- May reduce pre-marital sex and pregnancy, where
children born out-of-wedlock may not have the same
rights and resources as those born within marriage
What are some conclusions from the child marriage case study?
- Women who marry early can face serious limitations to education and earnings
- As with polygyny, it is important to think about other factors that could lead to these correlations
- What is a “child” and what is “early” are culturally relative terms that should be considered
- In some cultures, there are benefits to marrying early
- Choice matters: where women are able to choose whether to enter early marriages, their outcomes are better
What is FGMC?
- FGMC is the partial or total removal of the external
genitalia of girls and women for non-medical reasons - Little doubt that practice is harmful
1) Clitoridectomy: removal of the clitoris and
clitoral hood
2) Intermediate Infibulation: Removal of clitoris
and cutting of labia minora, often also cutting of
labia majora to narrow vaginal opening
3) Total Infibulation: Clitoris and inner labia
removed, outer labia cut and sewn together
