PSYC-ch7 - stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination Flashcards
What are the 3 perspectives that explain biases/stereotypes/prejudices?
Economic perspective
Motivational Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
Define stereotype
A belief that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group
A way to categorise people
Define Prejudice
An attitude or affective/emotional response toward a group and its individual members
Discrimination
Favourable/unfavourable treatment of individuals based on their membership in a group
Can you have discrimination without prejudice? Or vice versa?
Yes and Yes
Define Modern Racism
Prejudice directed at racial groups that exist in tandem with the rejection of explicitly racial beliefs
Define benevolent sexism
A chivalrous ideology marked by protectiveness/affection toward women who embrace conventional roles
Define hostile sexism
What other kind of sexism does it go in tandem with?
A dislike for non-traditional women
Coexists with benevolent sexism
What happens when women in STEM are treated in a paternalistic manner (benevolent sexism) before cognitive tests? Why?
They do worse because of the self-doubts that arose from the treatment they received.
Name some explicit measures of attitude.
What is the general drawback of explicit manners?
Surveys with a list of traits asking you to associate members with traits
Self-report questionnaires
They only show explicit prejudices, not implicit ones
Name the 2 implicit measures of attitude
IATs (implicit association tests)
Priming procedures
Explain the IATs
IATs: you quickly associate pictures into categories.
Faster response = more automatic, strong, stereotypical response
Are IATs accurate?
They are correelated with brain activity
They are good at predicting race relations if the IAT was specific to the scenario
Explain priming procedures for the measurement of implicit prejudices
Show pictures and then ask you to tell me if the word is real or not.
If I show you a chinese face you will recognise the words math and communism and doctor faster than flower and chilli
Define Priming
the presentation of information designed to activate a concept and hence make it accessible
What is AMP?
Affect Misattribution procedure
Measures how people evaluate a stimulus after a given prime
e.g. show you chinese face then ask you to rate a random object. hate chinese => rate random object lower
Realistic group conflict theory
A theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources
ethnocentrism
Glorifying one’s own group while vilifying other groups
Superordinate goal
A goal that transcends the interests of any one group & that can be achieved more readily by group cooperation
In the Robbers Cave experiment, what un/successfully reduced hostility between the groups
Having them simply spend time together did not reduce hostility
Having them work towards superordinate goals reduced tension
Conclusion of Robbers Cave experiment? (5)
- Neither difference in background nor appearance, nor a prior history of conflict are necessary to develop intergroup hostility
- All that’s required to create hostility is 2 groups in competition
- Competition against outsiders promotes group cohesion
- Group cohesion can be attained with superordinate goals
- Having groups ‘hang out’ is not enough to reduce hostility
Is competition necessary for intergroup hostility to emerge?
No.
Intergroup hostility can develop merely because a group exists, even if you are not in competition with them.
Minimal Group Paradigm
a nexperimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary criteria and then examine how members of ‘minimal groups’ prefer one another
What did Tajfel show with minimal groups?
Participants are MORE interested in maximising the RELATIVE gain for INDIVIDUAL members of their ingroup over the outgroup.
Participants are LESS interested in maximising the TOTAL gain for the group
Social Identity theory
The idea that a person’s self-concept and self-esteem derive not only from personal identity but also from the status/accomplishments of the various groups to which they belong
What 3 behaviours do we use to boost our self-esteem, in line with social identity theory
- Boosting the status of the ingroup
- Basking in the reflected glory of other ingroup members’ accomplishments
- Denigrating outgroups
When are people especially keen to derive self-esteem from group membership?
what theory does this reflect?
When they are uncertain about their own attitudes/place in the world.
social identity theory
When do people go to great lengths to announce their affiliations with a group?
What is this called?
When that group is doing well and/or they are insecure
Basking in reflected glory
When are we more likely to stereotype?
Why?
When we are
-cognitively strained
-tired
-drunk
-mentally incapacitated
They are mental shortcuts
Illusory correlation
People sometimes ‘see’ correlations b/w things that aren’t related
Paired distinctiveness
The pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together.
e.g. when minorities commit violent crimes.
If I talk 75% about group A and 25% about group B, and talk an equal ratio of 70% good and 30% bad about both, what will you remember?
group B bad sentiments.
If I am a minority, are you more likely to generalise my behaviour if it is consistent with the stereotype, or inconsistent?
People are more likely to generalise behaviours that they already think are typical of group members.
How do self-fulfilling prophecies work with race relations?
People act toward members of certain groups in ways that encourage the very behaviour that they expect to see from those people.
What happens when someone encounters evidence that challenges the stereotype?
What phenomenon do they use?
They explain it away as an exception.
They use subtyping: explaining away exceptions to a stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that is exempt from that trait.
If I like you, and you do something good, what level of abstraction will I use to describe it?
I will use a high level of abstraction (meaningful, broad terms)
If I like you and you do something bad, what level of abstraction will I use to describe it?
Low levels of abstraction (he threw the paper on the ground, very detailed, rather than broad, he littered)
If I don’t like you and you do something bad, what level of abstraction will I use to describe it?
High level of abstraction
If I don’t like you and you do something good, what level of abstraction will I use to describe it?
Low level (detailed, he lifted the person, rather than broad, he helped the person)
Outgroup homogeneity effect
The tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups
(they are all the same. my group is diverse)
Own-race Identification bias
The tendency for people to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race than from others.
A type of outgroup homogeneity
Does exposure to scenarios simulating deciding whether or not to shoot armed/unarmed black men change bias?
it reduces the tendency to shoot unarmed black men, but does not change the difference in reaction time in shooting black men over white men
What are the most effective ways to reduce individual prejudice? (2)
- Convince people that prevailing norms favour outgroup tolerance
- Cognitive/emotional training, namely perspective taking
Perspective taking
Asking the subject to envision themselves in the shoes of an outgroup member.
Allport’s Contact Hypothesis
The proposition that prejudice can be reduced by putting members of different groups in frequent contact with one another
What conditions are needed for contact hypothesis to work?
-groups need to have equal status
-groups must have shared goal (superordinate)
-community’s social norms must support intergroup contact
-intergroup contact should encourage 1-on-1 interactions
What 3 things happen when groups with a history of animosity have the conditions for contact hypothesis?
- personalisation: people begin to see outgroup members as individuals
- A person’s positive feelings for particular outgroup members may generalise to the group (IF they do not subtype the individual)
- positive intergroup sentiments are formed if groups come to share a common identity
What are the 2 diversity ideologies
Multiculturalism and Colour-blindness
What is the main reason colour-blindness fails?
White people use mental effort to not address black people’s race -> end up cognitively taxed -> make more negative nonverbal expressions of prejudice
Does multiculturalism cause race essentialism? Whats that?
It can
Race essentialism: The idea that racial-group differences are biologically based & immutable
Minority spotlight effect
Where minority-group identity becomes uncomfortably salient
Can be caused by multiculturalism
Identity Denial
When people from minorities feel precluded from embracing other group identities.
Can be caused by multiculturalism
When is multiculturalism most successful?
When it is framed in an all-inclusive manner so as to not threaten majority-group members.
