PSYC-ch7 - stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination

Question 1

What are the 3 perspectives that explain biases/stereotypes/prejudices?

Answer 1

Economic perspective
Motivational Perspective
Cognitive Perspective

Question 2

Define stereotype

Answer 2

A belief that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group

A way to categorise people

Question 3

Define Prejudice

Answer 3

An attitude or affective/emotional response toward a group and its individual members

Question 4

Discrimination

Answer 4

Favourable/unfavourable treatment of individuals based on their membership in a group

Question 5

Can you have discrimination without prejudice? Or vice versa?

Answer 5

Yes and Yes

Question 6

Define Modern Racism

Answer 6

Prejudice directed at racial groups that exist in tandem with the rejection of explicitly racial beliefs

Question 7

Define benevolent sexism

Answer 7

A chivalrous ideology marked by protectiveness/affection toward women who embrace conventional roles

Question 8

Define hostile sexism

What other kind of sexism does it go in tandem with?

Answer 8

A dislike for non-traditional women

Coexists with benevolent sexism

Question 9

What happens when women in STEM are treated in a paternalistic manner (benevolent sexism) before cognitive tests? Why?

Answer 9

They do worse because of the self-doubts that arose from the treatment they received.

Question 10

Name some explicit measures of attitude.

What is the general drawback of explicit manners?

Answer 10

Surveys with a list of traits asking you to associate members with traits

Self-report questionnaires

They only show explicit prejudices, not implicit ones

Question 11

Name the 2 implicit measures of attitude

Answer 11

IATs (implicit association tests)
Priming procedures

Question 12

Explain the IATs

Answer 12

IATs: you quickly associate pictures into categories.

Faster response = more automatic, strong, stereotypical response

Question 13

Are IATs accurate?

Answer 13

They are correelated with brain activity

They are good at predicting race relations if the IAT was specific to the scenario

Question 14

Explain priming procedures for the measurement of implicit prejudices

Answer 14

Show pictures and then ask you to tell me if the word is real or not.

If I show you a chinese face you will recognise the words math and communism and doctor faster than flower and chilli

Question 15

Define Priming

Answer 15

the presentation of information designed to activate a concept and hence make it accessible

Question 16

What is AMP?

Answer 16

Affect Misattribution procedure

Measures how people evaluate a stimulus after a given prime

e.g. show you chinese face then ask you to rate a random object. hate chinese => rate random object lower

Question 17

Realistic group conflict theory

Answer 17

A theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources

Question 18

ethnocentrism

Answer 18

Glorifying one’s own group while vilifying other groups

Question 19

Superordinate goal

Answer 19

A goal that transcends the interests of any one group & that can be achieved more readily by group cooperation

Question 20

In the Robbers Cave experiment, what un/successfully reduced hostility between the groups

Answer 20

Having them simply spend time together did not reduce hostility

Having them work towards superordinate goals reduced tension

Question 21

Conclusion of Robbers Cave experiment? (5)

Answer 21

1. Neither difference in background nor appearance, nor a prior history of conflict are necessary to develop intergroup hostility
2. All that’s required to create hostility is 2 groups in competition
3. Competition against outsiders promotes group cohesion
4. Group cohesion can be attained with superordinate goals
5. Having groups ‘hang out’ is not enough to reduce hostility

Question 22

Is competition necessary for intergroup hostility to emerge?

Answer 22

No.

Intergroup hostility can develop merely because a group exists, even if you are not in competition with them.

Question 23

Minimal Group Paradigm

Answer 23

a nexperimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary criteria and then examine how members of ‘minimal groups’ prefer one another

Question 24

What did Tajfel show with minimal groups?

Answer 24

Participants are MORE interested in maximising the RELATIVE gain for INDIVIDUAL members of their ingroup over the outgroup.

Participants are LESS interested in maximising the TOTAL gain for the group

Question 25

Social Identity theory

Answer 25

The idea that a person's self-concept and self-esteem derive not only from personal identity but also from the status/accomplishments of the various groups to which they belong

Question 26

What 3 behaviours do we use to boost our self-esteem, in line with social identity theory

Answer 26

1. Boosting the status of the ingroup 2. Basking in the reflected glory of other ingroup members' accomplishments 3. Denigrating outgroups

Question 27

When are people especially keen to derive self-esteem from group membership? what theory does this reflect?

Answer 27

When they are uncertain about their own attitudes/place in the world. social identity theory

Question 28

When do people go to great lengths to announce their affiliations with a group? What is this called?

Answer 28

When that group is doing well and/or they are insecure Basking in reflected glory

Question 29

When are we more likely to stereotype? Why?

Answer 29

When we are -cognitively strained -tired -drunk -mentally incapacitated They are mental shortcuts

Question 30

Illusory correlation

Answer 30

People sometimes 'see' correlations b/w things that aren't related

Question 31

Paired distinctiveness

Answer 31

The pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together. e.g. when minorities commit violent crimes.

Question 32

If I talk 75% about group A and 25% about group B, and talk an equal ratio of 70% good and 30% bad about both, what will you remember?

Answer 32

group B bad sentiments.

Question 33

If I am a minority, are you more likely to generalise my behaviour if it is consistent with the stereotype, or inconsistent?

Answer 33

People are more likely to generalise behaviours that they already think are typical of group members.

Question 34

How do self-fulfilling prophecies work with race relations?

Answer 34

People act toward members of certain groups in ways that encourage the very behaviour that they expect to see from those people.

Question 35

What happens when someone encounters evidence that challenges the stereotype? What phenomenon do they use?

Answer 35

They explain it away as an exception. They use subtyping: explaining away exceptions to a stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that is exempt from that trait.

Question 36

If I like you, and you do something good, what level of abstraction will I use to describe it?

Answer 36

I will use a high level of abstraction (meaningful, broad terms)

Question 37

If I like you and you do something bad, what level of abstraction will I use to describe it?

Answer 37

Low levels of abstraction (he threw the paper on the ground, very detailed, rather than broad, he littered)

Question 38

If I don't like you and you do something bad, what level of abstraction will I use to describe it?

Answer 38

High level of abstraction

Question 39

If I don't like you and you do something good, what level of abstraction will I use to describe it?

Answer 39

Low level (detailed, he lifted the person, rather than broad, he helped the person)

Question 40

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 40

The tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups (they are all the same. my group is diverse)

Question 41

Own-race Identification bias

Answer 41

The tendency for people to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race than from others. A type of outgroup homogeneity

Question 42

Does exposure to scenarios simulating deciding whether or not to shoot armed/unarmed black men change bias?

Answer 42

it reduces the tendency to shoot unarmed black men, but does not change the difference in reaction time in shooting black men over white men

Question 43

What are the most effective ways to reduce individual prejudice? (2)

Answer 43

1. Convince people that prevailing norms favour outgroup tolerance 2. Cognitive/emotional training, namely perspective taking

Question 44

Perspective taking

Answer 44

Asking the subject to envision themselves in the shoes of an outgroup member.

Question 45

Allport's Contact Hypothesis

Answer 45

The proposition that prejudice can be reduced by putting members of different groups in frequent contact with one another

Question 46

What conditions are needed for contact hypothesis to work?

Answer 46

-groups need to have equal status -groups must have shared goal (superordinate) -community's social norms must support intergroup contact -intergroup contact should encourage 1-on-1 interactions

Question 47

What 3 things happen when groups with a history of animosity have the conditions for contact hypothesis?

Answer 47

1. personalisation: people begin to see outgroup members as individuals 2. A person's positive feelings for particular outgroup members may generalise to the group (IF they do not subtype the individual) 3. positive intergroup sentiments are formed if groups come to share a common identity

Question 48

What are the 2 diversity ideologies

Answer 48

Multiculturalism and Colour-blindness

Question 49

What is the main reason colour-blindness fails?

Answer 49

White people use mental effort to not address black people's race -> end up cognitively taxed -> make more negative nonverbal expressions of prejudice

Question 50

Does multiculturalism cause race essentialism? Whats that?

Answer 50

It can Race essentialism: The idea that racial-group differences are biologically based & immutable

Question 51

Minority spotlight effect

Answer 51

Where minority-group identity becomes uncomfortably salient Can be caused by multiculturalism

Question 52

Identity Denial

Answer 52

When people from minorities feel precluded from embracing other group identities. Can be caused by multiculturalism

Question 53

When is multiculturalism most successful?

Answer 53

When it is framed in an all-inclusive manner so as to not threaten majority-group members.