ch14 Flashcards
What guides most of our moral decisions?
Intuition
Define social intuitionist model of moral judgement
The idea that people first have fast, emotional reactions to morally relevant events that in turn influence their process of reasoning toward a judgement of right or wrong.
i.e. reason FOLLOWS feeling.
Moral foundations theory
A theory proposing that there are 5 evolved, universal moral domains in which specific emotions guide moral judgements.
According to the moral foundations theory, what are the 5 core moral foundations?
- Care/harm: concern for the suffering of others.
- triggered by signs of vulnerability and pain - Fairness/reciprocity: concerns that others act in a fair, just way
- triggered by ppl acting unfairly
-linked to anger - Ingroup loyalty: commitments we make to our group
- Authority/respect: honouring one’s place in social hierarchies.
- Purity/sanctity: avoiding dangerous diseases & contaminants + socially impure ideas or actions.
- linked to disgust.
Under the moral foundations theory, what emotion is most closely linked to purity & sanctity?
disgust. more disgust = moral moral condemnation.
Altruism
Prosocial behaviour that benefits others without regard to the consequences of oneself.
What are the 3 motives for altruism?
- Social reward: being esteemed/valued by others with praise
Our desire for the reward of being respected leads us to sacrifice personal desires for the greater good. - Personal distress: reduce your own stress from seeing others in distress.
- Empathic concern: identifying with someone in need & wanting to help
Define social reward
A social benefit that may be gained from helping others and thus serves as a motive for altruistic behaviour.
Define personal distress
A motive for helping others in distress that arises from your own need to reduce distress
Define empathic concern
Identifying with someone in need, including feeling + understanding what the person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person.
linked to perspective taking.
In Batson’s study about Janet in low social and high social conditions, what did he show?
Women who were told to imagine how lonely Janet was, even anonymously, were willing to spend more time with her.
Means that they experience empathic concern; they want to help, even when it’s anonymous and not out of social reward.
Does human physiology confirm empathic concern?
Yes. Young children display empathy and and we are wired for empathy. Bonobos show empathy.
Volunteerism
Assistance a person regularly provides to another person or group with no expectation of compensation.
Motives for volunteerism? (3)
-Desire for social reward
-Desire to reduce personal distress
-Empathic concern.
Name situational determinants to altruism (2)
-Presence of other people (more people -> ur less likely to help; bystander effect)
-Victim characteristics (most likely to help when harm is clear and need for help is unambiguous; more likely to help those that look like u; rich help rich institutions)
Bystander intervention
Assistance given by a witness to someone in need
Diffusion of responsibility
A reduction of the sense of urgency to help someone in ana emergency or dangerous situation based on the assumption that others who are present will help.
What makes someone more likely to help in an ambiguous situation (construal-wise)
- Believing assistance is actually needed
- When people are vividly aware of the events that led t other victim’s distress.
How does pluralistic ignorance impact your likelihood to help someone?
If nobody around you is helping, you think you don’t know they full story and clearly the person doesn’t need help because otherwise all these other people that ‘know the situation’ woulda helped.
When are bystanders less likely to fall prey to pluralistic ignorance?
-When they see the initial expressions of concern of others.
According to Darley, what are the 2 methods to ensure you get help when you need it.
(1) make your need clear
(2) select a specific person to help you
If you need help, are you more likely to get it in a city or a rural area? From someone raised in the city or someone raised in the urban area?
More likely to get help in rural areas.
Where a person was raised has much less effect than their current context– that will determine if or not they help.
What are the 4 hypotheses for why you’d get help rurally but less so in the city
- Milgram thought it was stimulus overload.
- Diversity hypothesis – more diversity, more people you are less likely to help because they are not like you.
- More people in urban areas -> diffusion of responsibility
- More people you know in rural areas; social rewards for your behaviour.
Why are poorer people more charitable?
More empathy for the others’ situations.
Rich people become more charitable when you prime them to have empathy.
