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PSY343 > PSY343 - 3. Existential Therapy and Client-Centred Therapy > Flashcards

PSY343 - 3. Existential Therapy and Client-Centred Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

History of Humanistic-Experiential Therapies

A

US + Europe in 50s + 60s
client-centered, existential, experiential + gestalt therapies
phenomenology: study of consciousness first-person perspective

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2
Q

History of Humanistic-Experiential Therapies

A

can’t know myself unless reflecting on experience, relationships to others, world, objects

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3
Q

Assumptions of Humanistic-Experiential Therapies

A

growth tendency
self-reflective agents with capacity to grow + change
seperates us from other species and that allows us to grow
Relationships, including therapeutic relationship, matter

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4
Q

Existential Therapy

A

European philosophers questions about essential nature + meanings of human existence
Reaction against rise of positivism; emphasized phenomenology

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5
Q

Existential Therapy

A

Influenced by destruction of WWI + II

central goal of existential theory is struggle to create meaning + live authentically

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6
Q

Theory of Personality

A

Existence emergent process; deemphasize fixed sets or traits within individual
4 dimensions of experience + existence with which ppl inevitably confront: physical, social, psychological + spiritual

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7
Q

Theory of Personality

A

inner conflict: confrontation betw indiv + ultimate concerns/givens of existence

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8
Q

Dimensions of Existence

A

Physical (Umwelt)

Tension: domination over elements + natural law vs. need to accept limitations or natural boundaries

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9
Q

Dimensions of Existence

A

Psychological (Eigenwelt)

Tension: self-affirmation (resolution) vs. surrender (yielding)

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10
Q

Dimensions of Existence

A

Social (Mitwelt)
Tension: acceptance (belonging) vs. rejection (isolation)
Spiritual (Überwelt)
Tension: hope vs. despair

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11
Q

Ultimate Concerns

A

Death: awareness of inevitability of death
Freedom: authors of own lives + therefore must take responsibility for choices + actions

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12
Q

Ultimate Concerns

A

Isolation: always gap betw ourselves + others
Meaninglessness: live in universe with no coherent or grand design; we create own meaning

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13
Q

Theory of Psychopathology

A

Freudian Theory of Psychopathology: DRIVE → ANXIETY → DEFENSE MECHANISM
vs. Existential Theory of Psychopathology
AWARENESS OF ULTIMATE CONCERN → ANXIETY → DEFENSE MECHANISM

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14
Q

Theory of Psychopathology

A

Ontological security: having firm sense of reality + identity
No matter how secure person is in world, some events will shake foundations of security + bring ultimate concerns to foreground

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15
Q

Theory of Psychopathology

A

genetic predisposition more susceptible to concerns

Problems become more serious when anxiety or disturbance is denied or evaded

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16
Q

Goal of Treatment

A

help find value, meaning + purpose in their lives
help become more truthful with themselves
help identify barriers or obstacles that impede movement towards authentic + meaningful living

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17
Q

Goal of Treatment

A

highlights freedom and actualization
help achieve values and goals
limitations of reality - recognizing ultimate concerns and tensions

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18
Q

Therapeutic Relationship

A

real, genuine therapeutic relationship crucial
fellow traveller navigating concerns of human existence
therapist self disclose

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19
Q

Therapeutic Relationship

A

less formal, egalitarian as possible
get client to take responsibility - not in harsh tone
reality based - subtle ways we avoid ourselves

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20
Q

Therapy Process

A

not comprehensive psychotherapeutic system; frame of reference for understanding suffering
assumptions about sources (four dimensions and ultimate concerns)
rest of therapy is unfolding

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21
Q

Therapy Process

A

No clear stages/prescribed length

not problem focused, looking at experiences + contextualize

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22
Q

Therapy Process

A

Initial focus establishment of strong relationship
Present-focused exploration
awareness central component - through phenomenology, help client find ways of coping and accepting anxiety

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23
Q

Therapy Techniques

A

cultivating naive attitude - consistently meeting client with an open mind + spirit of exploration + discovery
leave as much as possible your biases - required a lot of discipline (there are some assumptions already)

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24
Q

Therapy Techniques

A

Facing limitations – alert for opportunities to help clients
face the limitations
any efforts avoiding concerns - therapist responsibility to highlight it

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25
Q

Therapy Techniques

A

Exploring personal worldview - trying to understand their take on the world
explore client’s world from inside out - not entirely possible
dealing in approximations

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26
Q

Therapy Techniques

A

Enquiring into meaning - understanding of what makes

world meaningful to client

27
Q

Psychotherapy Research on Existential Therapy

A

Scope + sample size of studies insufficient to firmly
establish effectiveness
Success beneficial impact of approach on couples
groups dealing with chronic illness

28
Q

Critique of Existential Therapy

A

highly focused on assumption of self-determination
may not take into account complex factors that many ppl
who have been oppressed must deal with

29
Q

Critique of Existential Therapy

A

many cultures it not possible to talk about self + self-determination apart from context of social network + environmental conditions
highly secular - less inclusive

30
Q

Critique of Existential Therapy

A

Vontress argues existential treatment suitable from all cultural backgrounds
Issues about meaning of life raised in many nonWestern
contexts

31
Q

Video Clip of Existential Therapy

A 
not taking responsibility: i guess
pointing out lip biting
freedom: perfection
psychological: fractured sense of self
social tension: fear of rejection
32
Q

Video Clip of Existential Therapy

A

empathic, but also confrontational
exploring her world - sense of her values
taking responsibility means going into something with no knowledge of outcome
no freedom in her head because everything is so controlled

33
Q

History of Client-Centred Therapy

A

1930s by Carl Rogers
new approach emphasized therapeutic relationship
Focused on clients’ innate tendency towards growth

34
Q

Rogers’ (1957) : Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Personality Change

A
  1. 2 ppl in psychological contact

2. client in state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious

35
Q

Rogers’ (1957) : Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Personality Change

A
  1. therapist is congruent or integrated in relationship

4. therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client

36
Q

Rogers’ (1957) : Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Personality Change

A
  1. therapist experiences empathic understanding of client’s internal frame of reference + endeavors to communicate this experience to client
37
Q

Rogers’ (1957) Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Personality Change

A
  1. communication to client of therapist’s empathic understanding + unconditional positive regard minimal degree achieved
38
Q

Rogers’ (1957) Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Personality Change

A

No other conditions necessary. If these exist + continue over a time, sufficient.
process of constructive personality change will follow.

39
Q

Assumptions of Client-Centred Therapy

A

Self-actualizing tendency motivates towards enhancement + growth
self actualizing force points us to what we aspire to
but organismic valuing system will guide us

40
Q

Assumptions of Client-Centred Therapy

A

Organismic valuing system allows to differentiate those value that maintain or enhance our lives from those that negate our growth

41
Q

Theory of Personality

A

develop sense of self as begin to distinguish themselves from others
developing child need for positive regard from others, to be accepted + loved, + fulfill blueprint for self-actualization

42
Q

Theory of Personality

A

parents place conditions of worth on love, child start trying to please parents instead of following organismic valuing process
listening to passenger seat instead of own gps

43
Q

Theory of Psychopathology

A

Judgmental parents: love condition upon child’s behaviour
more conditional love, more pathology likely
self concept driven by introjected conditions of worth
source of anxiety and conflict

44
Q

Theory of Psychopathology

A

Conditions of worth lead to split betw real + ideal self
“threat”/anxiety when perceives betw real + ideal self
too much anxiety creates defenses

45
Q

Theory of Psychopathology

A

Defenses reduce incongruity + anxiety
Distortion alters way experience is perceived
Denial: disavowal of experience

46
Q

Theory of Psychopathology

A

defenses too strong: too far away from internal experience + disintegrates
loses sense of self - dissolves when defences too strong

47
Q

Theory of Psychopathology

A

Reintegration when conditions of worth lose significance + person becomes more open to their experience

48
Q

Theory of Psychopathology

A

too much discrepancy focus on reintegration and/or increase positive self-regard
process often requires helping or faciltating relationship

49
Q

Goal of Treatment

A

create warm, safe, nonjudgmental environment

respond with deep understanding of experience

50
Q

Goal of Treatment

A

help clients become aware of their incongruence

assist clients find ways to move towards integration + wholeness

51
Q

Therapy Process

A

Core conditions for change:

Empathy – trying to understand client’s experience + expressed back to check with their experience

52
Q

Therapy Process

A

Congruence (genuineness) – therapist is freely + deeply him/herself; no discrepancy betw experience + expression
in contact with own internal experience so that it’s an authentic encountering

53
Q

Therapy Process

A

have to be in touch with themselves so you can treat them as a subject not as an object
genuineness: what they’re doing is congruent with their beliefs

54
Q

Therapy Process

A

Unconditional positive regard - valuing client’s experience without judgment; accepting client unconditionally
often working on reflection rather than confrontation
core conditions create facilitative environment client can pursue own trajectory of growth

55
Q

Critique of Client-Centred Therapy

A

Emphasis on separate autonomous self that self-actualizes based on Western values of individualism, + White, male ideals
societies where group is more important these goals may be inappropriate

56
Q

Critique of Client-Centred Therapy

A

safe, accepting environment - client will do work because of self-actualizing potential
create environment where they can do the work
they just stick close to client’s experience

57
Q

Critique of Client-Centred Therapy

A

Non-directiveness – therapist following client – may be challenging in hierarchical cultures, where clients tend to defer to therapist as expert
issue with non-authoritative stance + may feel misunderstood

58
Q

Critique of Client-Centred Therapy

A

Feminist critique – focuses only on indiv without educating client to political context of her problems
problems seen to reside within indivi rather than society

59
Q

Critique of Client-Centred Therapy

A

privileged client without awareness of context

solutions also in the realm of the client

60
Q

Psychotherapy Research on Client-Centred Therapy

A

Nondirective as effective as other treatments

No evidence core conditions necessary or sufficient for therapeutic change - facilitative of therapeutic change

61
Q

Psychotherapy Research on Client-Centred Therapy

A

Empathy single strongest therapist determinant of successful psychotherapy

62
Q

Video Clip of Client-Centred Therapy

A 
mmhm, repeating
checking in: is that part of it, is that what you’re saying
facilitative transition
let’s her dictate
silence
63
Q

Video Clip of Client-Centred Therapy

A

acceptance vs rejection: how does someone be open and safe at the same time
core concern brought into the relationship
fear of getting too close
congruence: he’s not clear so he goes back for clarification
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PSY343 (11 decks)

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