PSY343 - 1. Intro Flashcards
Psychotherapy
informedand intenMonal applicaMon of clinical methods and interpersonal stances derived from established psychological principles for the purposes of assisMng people to modify their behaviours, cogniMons, emoMons and/or other personal characterisMcs in direcMons that the participants deem desirable
Psychotherapy
processofincreasing awareness of one’s thoughts, emoMons and behaviours in service of decreasing self-defeaMng pakerns and of increasing the ability to make choices in accordance with enlightened self-interest
Psychotherapy
Discover what we want and how to get there
doesn’t privilege one over another
all have same idea that it’s a modification on how we think, feel or act
conducted for purpose of helping client get to goal
Theory (or system)
A consistent perspecMve on human behaviour, psychopathology, and the mechanisms of therapeuMc change.
History of Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is a clinical method emerged around the year 1900
• Prior to the 1900s, organized religion had tradiMonally dealt with psychological problems
History of Psychotherapy
Many of the basic principles of psychological treatments today evolved from Sigmund Freud’s (1856-1939) wriMngs on psychoanalysis
• Freud’s psychoanalyMc theory emerged in the context of 19th century preoccupaMon with the development of raMonality and science
History of Psychotherapy
Focused on explaining the nature and workings of the human soul, and treaMng psychic ailments through self-analysis (introspecMon), observaMon, and case studies
History of Psychotherapy
In1913,J.B.Watson(1878–1958)redefinedpsychologyby repudiaMng the study of consciousness and the use of introspecMon, which he deemed unscienMfic
• Watson’sbehaviourismarguedthatpsychology“isapurely objecMve experimental branch of natural science. Its theoreMcal goal is the predicMon and control of
behavior” (Watson, 1913, p. 158)
History of Psychotherapy
freud self observation and case studies on feelings
watson not interested in introspection
wanted experimental
examine it objectively in scientific environment
History of Psychotherapy
World War II transformed field of psychology and psychotherapy
• Unprecedented number of neuropsychiatric casualMes and traumaMzed soldiers changed the way psychiatrists understood psychological dysfuncMon
• Psychiatry lost its prior dominion over the provision of psychotherapy as clinical psychology established itself as a bona fide profession
History of Psychotherapy
-after WWII because of immense need, psychologists brought into hospitals and began practicing psychotherapy
used to be relegated to academia
proliferated to professional setting
History of Psychotherapy
Carl Rogers’s (1902-1987) client-centered therapy was the major alternaMve to psychoanalyMc psychotherapy during the first 2 decades following World War II
• In the 1950s, Rogers emphasized therapeuMc process over technique
History of Psychotherapy
Rogers argued that a therapeuMc attude characterized by uncondiMonal posiMve regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding, was necessary and sufficient to mobilize an individual’s self- actualizing tendency
History of Psychotherapy
shifted to client being main focus of treatment
first researchers to ask scientific questions on practice of psychotherapy
research on psychotherapy
History of Psychotherapy
By the 1950s, emerging call to scienMfically evaluate psychotherapy and its effects
• Hans Eysenck, a prominent behaviourist, was a vocal opponent of tradiMonal psychotherapy (i.e., psychoanalysis)
History of Psychotherapy
Eysenck published a 1952 review of the psychotherapy outcome literature and concluded that there was no evidence demonstraMng psychotherapy works
• Eysenck’s findings were heavily criMcized and later proved inaccurate, but contributed to the implementaMon of RCTs to study the efficacy of psychotherapy
History of Psychotherapy
huge blow, but created burst of activity in psychotherapy research
randomized control trials
History of Psychotherapy
The 1960s early saw incredible growth of psychotherapy and psychotherapy research; proliferaMon of therapy approaches
• Psychotherapists were being mostly being trained within three broad clinical approaches: psychodynamic (most common), client centered (rapidly expanding), and behavioral (beginning to emerge)
History of Psychotherapy
The 1970s marked a criMcal paradigm shin towards more intensive analyses and methodological pluralism in the study of psychotherapy
• Increased emphasis on intensively studying psychotherapy process (i.e., how therapy works)
History of Psychotherapy
By the 1980s it became clear that Eysenck was wrong: psychotherapy has a posiMve effect for most recipients
• As psychotherapy became a more acMve field, so too did compeMMon and rivalry among theoreMcal orientaMons, all vying to prove their approach was the most effecMve
History of Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy research began to focus heavily on determining which therapy approach was the most effecMve
History of Psychotherapy
Dodo Bird Verdict: all therapies are likely equivalent in their efficacy; contribuMons to good outcome driven by common factors across the therapeuMc approaches
History of Psychotherapy
Despite the Dodo Bird effect, researchers are sMll interested in determining which therapies are most effecMve and efficacious
• APA Division 12 Task Force on the PromoMon and DisseminaMon of Psychological Procedures established to provide criteria for efficacious treatments for specific disorders and publishes a list of empirically supported treatments (ESTs)
History of Psychotherapy
Argument against ESTs: there are methodological issues with the standards they used for determining validaMon; researchers need to examine process variables, the therapist-paMent relaMonship, and what works best in the therapy relaMonships for specific clients
• The debate over whether the benefits of psychotherapy are due primarily to ingredients shared across therapies or specific to certain therapies conMnues…
History of Psychotherapy
task force interested in manualized systems - limitation not all follow manuals
don’t represent real world therapy
study might say it’s effective but maybe not generalizable
backlash from researchers who criticize how task force approached it
