PSY318 Midterm part 2 Flashcards
three reasons why caregivers are importance
- provide nutrition and safety. 2. emotional support
- loving behaviors
Rene sptiz and historical context
World War II
–Orphans
–Displaced children
–Overseas adoptions
René Spitz
–Adapted Freud’s retrospective adult studies to infants
–Investigated rates of child death in orphanages
–Contagious diseases?
–Identified lack of care as main issue
discuss the romanian orphanage studies + long term effects
Romania 1980s – 1990s
–No staff interaction with infants allowed – 18-20 hours a day alone
After fall of communism, many children adopted by families in Great Britain
–Malnourishment
–Intellectual disability
–Socially immature
Effects of early deprivation had long term effects
–Intellectual delay – could be regained (with access to nutrition, education)
–Long-term emotional effects
—Emotion regulation
—Reactive attachment disorder - due to no attachment early on… get attach to whoever.
—Diminished social skills
Longer spent in orphanage = greater deficits
difference between attachment and bonding
Bonding: setting up to develop attachment.
Attachment
-Child uses primary care giver as a secure base to explore
-Child uses primary care giver as a safe space and source of comfort
Bonding
-Playing
-Feeding
-Setting limits
-Teaching skills
Why does attachment matter?
Internal model of attachment?
survival: human version of imprinting, attachment is innate.
*all this depends onthe quality of attachment
co-regulation
emotional security
- Predicts later expectations of relationships –> linked to social behaivors, mental representation of self, attachment figures
names and explain the phases of attachment
- preattachment: (0-2 months) kids do not have emotional awareness. it is one way : parents to child. don’t matter who takes care of the baby, consistency.
- Attachment in the making: (2-7 months) Recognize safe and unsafe people. not unhappy with unfamiliar however
- Clear-cut attachment (7-24 months). Separation anxiety, fear of stranger, communication of social needs (Camille)
- Goal-corrected partnership (24 months +). dyadic: back and forth communication with caregivers. ex. you are having a bad day and bring you something to help you. they now recognize parent’s emotion. awareness (ex. mommy is sad, i’m sad)
self regulation, stronger the attachment is.
The Strange situation test, extension of Mary Ainsworth. Explain it
After separation
-Proximity and contacting seeking
-Contact maintaining
-Avoidance of proximity and contact
-Resistance to contact and comforting
During rest of task
-Exploratory behaviors
-Search behaviors
-Affect Displays
name the four attachment types
a. insecure/avoidant
b. secure
c. insecure/ambivalent
d. disorganized/disoriented
Discuss secure attachment
Sensitive and loving caregiving
Organized (predictable)
Cries when caregiver leaves
When caregiver returns, infant will seek:
-Physical contact
-Proximity
-Interaction
Does not want to be comforted by stranger but will be friendly
Will explore and play in room 🡪 checking in with caregiver
When caregiver returns, child will:
Greet caregiver
Respond to caregiver
During task, child:
Remains calm throughout
Will play and explore 🡪 may still stay close to caregiver
INsecure/avoidant
Insensitive, rejecting caregiving
Organized (Predictable)
Approx. 20% of children in US
Little to no distress when caregiver leaves - because it is typical
When caregiver returns, infant will failed to greet or approach caregiver
Appears fine with stranger and will play normally when left with stranger : can be comforted by stranger
When caregiver returns, child will: Restrict opportunities to interact with caregiver
Will not greet caregiver
During task, child will: Play with toys, May move away from caregiver
Insecure/ambivalent attachment
AKA resistant attachment
Insensitive and inconsistent caregiving. Organized (predictable)
Extremely upset when caregiver leaves. When caregiver returns, infant will:
-Not be soothed by reunion
-Push and pull at caregiver
Avoids stranger – appears fearful
Will explore less
scream = only way to get their attention. kids know that someday their parents is fine someday they are not fine.
seems on edge, upset, do not trust.
Disorganized/disoriented attachment
Atypical caregiving
Disorganized (unpredictable)
often abuse or maltreat
May or may not cry when caregiver leaves
When caregiver returns, infant will:
-Appear disorganized
-Appear disoriented
-Appear to fear parent
When caregiver returns, child will:
–Over-exaggerate return OR
–Downplay return
During task, child will:
–Take on parental role - Directing and controlling caregiver behaviour
–Behave over-the-top
–Try to embarrass caregiver
what is Ainseworth’s outline for attachment? (4 points)
- Sensitivity: Awareness of infant/child’s signals . Accurate interpretation of signals. Respond to infant/child’s needs
- Responsive: Knowing how to respond beyond cues. Knowing when to help and when to step back
- Acceptance: Insight. Understanding the child’s needs and individuality.
Acceptance strengths and weaknesses. Application of empathy and flexibility - Availability: Physically and psychologically available. Consistency. Dual work. quality> quantity.
what do new mothers deals with?
Hormones bomb. Healing physically despite how your birth went
Potentially raising other children. Familial expectations
** new parents who did not give birth can still experience it.
what about postpartum depression?
Feelings of inadequacy, fear, sadness, overwhelm
Can affect attachment and care of child: May cause fear of baby - fear to mess up
May cause maladaptive over protectiveness -wants to regulate. May cause avoidance and neglect
Greater link to insecure-disorganized 🡪 when fluctuating
Greater link to insecure-ambivalent 🡪 when consistently overwhelmed
Associated with: Poorer sensitivity and responsiveness
