Final Class 1-3 Flashcards
What do we mean by family is a flexible concept?
Because there are different types!
Nuclear,
Single parent families
Two parent families
Blended families
Divorced families
Adopted families
Foster families
LGBTQ2A+ families
Extended families
Polygamous families
What is a found/chosen family?
Why does it happen?
- It is a group of people, unrelated to your family who you are close with, tied together more then a regular group of friends.
All shared the same background: distant or no family. - Well, we don’t have to same experience with family. Some may have a + relationship with them so may have a (-) relationship.
Name and explain four main concepts about the importance of family?
- Caregiving: -attachment style - hoepfully secure. Meeting basic needs for children: physical necessities, learning, self-respect, peer relationships, harmony and stability.
- Socialization:
a. Teaching social skills from parents but sibling can influence.
b. Integration into society: making sure they have friends to play with, going to school. Parents’ job to make sure their child have social experience. It can be extracurricular activities too. - Rituals and Routiness:
a. rituals:
- Religious observance: christmas
- Family celebrations: celebrating achievement.
- Rites of passage (ex. Communion, driving liscence)
b. routines:
Day-to-day activities: you want to train kids for a long time. When you are small, the world is very big. Routine helps predictability is safe for the child, helps with security, protective, less fearful. Kids up to high school. Helps with kids self-regulation too. Adults have a role to set their children up to success. - Stories: shared history.
Transmission of family values
Reinforcement of family bonds
Storytelling families
Note: Attachment requires effort. Difficult to quantify.
Shared history: in this family we help each other, or we like to do things with our hands, helps feeling connected.
Family bonds: very hard with a foster kids for instance.
Ex. repeating the same bedtime stories, that your grandma told your mom who told you. Helps with the connection.
what is the family system thoery? couple system? and its impact on a child.
Family system: Interconnections between different family relationships
Examples:
Marital
Parent-Child
Siblings
Couple system:
When parents support each other, more likely to also support the child
Model appropriate and healthy relationships
Married, to a couple. The adults raising the children.
Even if the parent are separated if they are still taking care of each other, more likely to support well their children.
Adults respects and care for each others = kids are more likely to have this expectation towards their future relationships.
Let’s discuss parental conflict. What are direct and indirect effects?
- Direct effects: inward. (I’m the problem)
Watching conflict
Poorer mental health, more likely to blame self
Tension, kids feel the ‘vibe’. If we are stressed out = take a toll physically and psychologically.
At a young age, kids are egocentric, trouble to understand the situation so they think the conflict is about them. Even as adult if they have trouble to regulate might think like that.
- Indirect effects (outward) (mad, react loudly, mimic what they).
Effect of ongoing conflict on parenting practices
Children tend to have difficulty interacting with and regulating conflict with others
try to do something to get attention. Act out to get attention. Even at school, we don’t teach social skills because prof teach academic info only… and at home the child might not have the support to learn… snowball effect. = mimic the adults.
describe the graph of parental conflict - indirect effect
Hostile marital conflict–> child emotional insecurity –> child behavior problems.
Indirect effects of parental conflict- discuss social learning theory. attachment theory (how would they feel toward their family), cogniitve theory
Social learning theory:
Learning behaviour from parents and replicating in other relationships
If the parent react with hostility, kid will mimic it to their siblings or friends (they won’t necessarily know why)
Mimic = don’t know how to apply it appropriately.
Attachment theory:
-Children experience emotional arousal and distress
-Leads to emotional insecurity
-Leads to poorer relationships with others – internal model of attachment
Cognitive theory:
- understand conflict.
-Conflict is threatening: withdrawn – internalizing disorders. Less problem solving
-Conflict is due to child: act out – externalizing disorders
Children won’t understand the conflict, nor the motivation behind it. What they understand, people are upset. Try to have either two explanation: 1. This is scary and i can’t control the conflict so they will try to control everything about them (internalizing disorders - anxiety, scare to trigger conflict, control their food etc.) 2. If the conflict is about me, but I’m being blamed for something i don’t know i did… so externalized disorders: i’m gonna fight too, conduct disorders. Really hard time with regulation and socialization.
Discuss three concepts under parenting?
Socialization
Discipline: not punishment. It is setting boundaries. Kids are not necessarily good at long-term thinking. Ex. can’t let a kid eat candies for dinner every day.
Modelling: think about the worst case scenario: conflict. But it is also about ’saying thank you’ (explicit thinking), Implicit: you put your shoes when going outside the house so your kid do it too. Kid are watching you.
How do we define parenting style?
Parenting behaviours and attitudes that set the climate for parent-child relationships.
It is flexible
Two dimensions:
-Warmth and responsiveness
-Parental control and demandingness
What is Diana Baumrind (1973) graph?
Role of the Family I slide29
Discuss one of the four parenting style: authoritative.
- Authoritative (the best). (gentle parenting is an adaption of that).
High demandingness and high warmth/responsiveness. Allow autonomy – respect and consider children’s perspective
kids:
-High social and academic competence
-Self-reliant/ independent
-Good relationships with others
-Copes well with stress
Balance between boundaries and autonomy.
Ex. you can’t go outside at night at 10 o clock. Vs. you trying it out and something bad happens. But yes, you can go to the sleep over… flexibility with boundaries and easier to explain + child do not feel uncertain. They can ask help but they understand how far they can go with the limits.
Benefits of authoritative parenting
-Self-reliance and independence
-Intellectual development
-Better attachment with caregiver
—> kids better self regulate later on and have better attachment bound.
Discuss one of the four parenting style: authoritarian.
High demandingness and low responsiveness. (high risk for abuse. Also sneaky kid)
-Oriented towards obedience and authority
–Enforced through parental power and use of threats and punishment
-Give children less autonomy
-Non-responsive to child’s needs
‘My way or the highway’.
‘I tell them what to do because I want them to be safe’ but kids are experience learner… they need to learn it. This type of parenting fails to provide autonomy. The child follow the rules but not because they understand…. Because there is threat (ex. I won’T love you)
Ex. i can’t return home before curfew, I have a flat. Authoritative… ‘ i get it’ now ‘no, you should have plan for it’.
-High risk for abuse and maltreatment
-Unhappy, moody, fearful
-Low self-confidence, low self-regulation
-Greater risk of hostility and deceit
-Aggression and withdrawal
-Poorer social/academic outcomes
If they fail the parents can get upset and punish them? Kid ‘I work so hard and I got one B is this is what I get’? They dont try to achieve success for themselves but for their parents.
what is permissive parenting?
-High responsiveness and low demandingness
-Responsive to child needs
-Do not require children to regulate themselves
-High risk for impulsivity and criminality in children
-Lack of self regulation
If the kids to whatever they want: ‘no learning about boundaries, limits’ and their a fit. As an adult… still do it…
No impulse control.
Kourtney K ‘s kids. Biting nannies…
-Lack of self regulation
-Aggression, noncompliance
-Quick anger
-Lack of goals and aspirations
-High risk for impulsivity and criminality in children
What is uninvolved parenting?
Low demandingness and low responsiveness
Do not set limits
Rejecting or neglectful
Focused on own needs
High risk for abuse and neglect
Antisocial behaviour and internalizing disorders
Low self-esteem
Poor social skills
Note: Kids will ask for attention and the parents will react in anger.
→ nobody care about me so why would I care about others? Survival mode.
Parents expect their children to raise themselves
Graph abut parenting style and child characteristics
Authoritative: energetic-friendly
Authoritarian: Conflicted-Irritable
Permissive: Impulsive-Aggressive
Uninvolved: Impulse-Aggressive-Noncompliant-Moody
Why do different parenting styles occur?
Quality of couple system: if there is unresolved conflict.
Parental personalities: Extraverted vs intro.
Parental mental health: if struggle or lack support = difficulty to help their child.
Parental education : Doesn’t mean they are ‘bad’, it can increase their risk to have trouble with their children
Financial resources: Lack of time with their kids.
A lot of these issues would be resolved with the government would financially help the families more.
Discuss gender stereotype
Male: breadwinner, seen as the authority
Female: caring, stay at home etc.
When you step out of this, the world is very different.
Man if they are close to their child: seen a too close… giving up your career.
Female: if you work… what about your child?
Discuss the role of sibling system? and birth orders.
A very unique relationship
Peers
‘Extra parent’
Rivals
Birth order
Eldest:
Adult oriented
Helpful
Self-controlled, conscientious
Later children:
Less fearful
Better coping mechanisms
More self-confidence
Birth order: Sibling interactions
Caregiving
Social learning
–Good behaviours
–Poorer behaviours
Protectiveness
What is parentification?
A child is obliged to act as a parent to their own parent or sibling
Instrumental parentification: kid need to bring their younger siblings to schools, medical appointments,
Emotional parentification: taking care of others
why are some kids more popular then others? i
what are some traits that are less likely to be popular…
Children that are cooperative and friendly tend to be more well-liked
With age, power imbalances can begin to influence popularity
Neurodivergent, shyness, can struggle with this.
What affects peer acceptance?
6 POINTS
- Behavior.
- Biological predispositions 🡪 temperament.
Anxious - behavioural inhibition kids - Socio-cognitive skills:
If i’m rude to someone I can hurt their feeling. Very difficult for neurodivergent kid because they won’t understand why. - Goals: Tends to match with people who have the same interests.
- Physical appearance:
We are bias. We want to make friends with people who dress better. - Blending in :
Ability to blend in. if you are different can make you stand out which is bad. Ex. you need to teach your kid about disability.
What are two types of popularity?
- Sociometric popularity 🡪 how well-liked the individual is
–Usually linked to social skills - Perceived popularity 🡪 how much status the individual has
–Determined by norms
–Ever changing
What happened when a child is unpopular & what type of behavior can occur?
(3 points)
Neglected 🡪 Ignored but not openly rejected
Aggressive-rejected 🡪 Disliked because of their aggression
Poor emotional regulation. If they don’t like me, why should I like them? outwards.
Withdrawn-rejected 🡪 Disliked because of their shyness. Inwards.
discuss biological predispositions and making friends.
Temperament:
Aggressive
Hyperactive
Withdrawn
Remember: diathesis stress model
Social Information Processing (Crick & Dodge, 1994) graph
role of peers. slide 45
discuss socio-cognitive skills and friends
Social knowledge
Pragmatic language
Social skills
Theory of mind
Unwritten rules.
Knowing how loud, when to skeaping, how fast…
Theory of mind - best tool to have in mind.
what is hostile attribution bias?
Searching’ for evidence of hostile intent in others
Self-fulfilling prophecy risk
What predicts hostile attribution bias?
-Early harsh parenting
-Physical abuse
Poor emotional regulation or taught the world is like that - taught by parents. Carry that expectation upon their peers.
hat what is expectancy confirmation?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
“Be what you want to see in the world”
If you believe the world is mean and harsh, you will react more likely like it is.
discuss three type of goals
Communal goals 🡪 prosocial behaviour. This could be promoting other’s interests. For instance, contributing to your community by volunteering.
Domineering goals 🡪 coercive behaviour. This implies using control and abusing behaviors to force someone to behave a certain way. It can be related to physical violence, manipulation, etc. For instance, someone preventing you to see your closed one, or depriving someone of basic needs.
Low-cost goals 🡪 avoidant behaviour. ften underlines avoidant behavior. Avoidant behavior can look like self-isolation, burying emotion, substance abuse, avoiding others.
does physical appearance play a role?
Attractiveness = more acceptance
what about blending in?
Atypical behaviour
Atypical appearance
Often ingroup-outgroup attitudes
what is bullying and four key types?
Systematic, repeated attacks intended to harm others
Four key types:
Physical
Verbal
Relational
Cyberbullying
Bullies and Bully-Victims
What about them?
Bullies
Social dominance and authority
Bully-victims
Have experienced rejection and try to resolve power imbalance
Often ineffective
Try to establish threat. Bullies, not necessarily been bullied before.
How do we react to peer rejection?
Important factors to consider
Clarity
Identity of rejector
Rejected child’s personality/self-concept
Rejected child’s response
Social support
Consistency
What are the effects of bullying ?
Impaired social understanding
Lower academic achievement
Relationship difficulties
Psychopathology
–Bullies: Increase cruelty
–Bullied: Depression and anxiety
how can we stop bullying?
Does not work: only increasing awareness of bullying
What does work:
Friendships
Parental communication and awareness
Teacher awareness
Awareness of differences in individuals
what is an emotion? 5 points
- Neural responses
- Physiological responses
- Subjective feelings
- Emotional expressions
- Desire to take action
what is the biological perspective in terms of emotion?
Charles Darwin
Emotions are innate – ‘born with’ . born with emotional understanding.
Discrete emotions expressed even before understanding
what is the learning perspective in terms of emotion?
Related to caregiver behaviour
Conditioning
what is the functionalist perspective in terms of emotion?
Functional use of emotions
Goal directed
Environmental influences
name the primary emotion? (there are 6)
discuss Paul Ekman
Happiness
Fear
Anger
Sadness
Disgust
Surprise
Paul Ekman – the expressions of emotion are universal and are therefore not influenced by culture. We can identify these emotions in others around the world, even if we have different names for these emotions.
Ekman also put forward the idea of micro-expressions, in that we can use TINY cues to figure out emotion.
emotion are control by our nervous system, involuntary reaction.
micro facial expression (happens within the first 20 seconds of the emotion) hard to recongize them unless you are trained for it.
explain emotions through a lifespan
slide 14-19 emotional development 1
what about secondary emotions. what about the being self-conscious?
Name them. Guilt, shame, jealousy, empathy, pride, embarrassment .
Self-Conscious Emotions - 2 years. Societal influences.
Guilt,
shame: self-focused. taught by caregiver, culture… notion of shame. children to not necessarily understand. early theory of mind. Focused on self 🡪 personal failure. Shame is not universal
jealousy,
empathy,
pride=Display of pleasure with accomplishment. Understanding of difficulty. Can display status to others
embarrassment
Explain Pride
Display of pleasure with accomplishment
Understanding of difficulty
Can display status to others
Explain Shame
Focused on self 🡪 personal failure
Shame is not universal
self-focused.
taught by caregiver, culture… notion of shame. children to not necessarily understand. early theory of mind.
Explain Jealousy
Can begin as early as 1 year
Begins with sharing of attention
Younger children 🡪 distress
Older children 🡪 anger and sadness
sharing of attention. they don’t understand why they are not the ‘one’ chosen, fear and sadness. scare ‘ will I ever go first?’ ‘if i didn’t go first, maybe nobody likes me and that makes me sad
Explain Guilt
Empathy-based 🡪 regret and remorse
2-3 years
after shame, you can develop it. a bit like embarrassment. ‘you did something and this had an impact on somebody else’ ex like yell at your sister and that she now feel sad.
based on empathy. you see the consequences of your action.
what emotion comes after shame?
Guilt
Explain empathy
and its lifespan (slide 31-32, Emotional dvp I)
Emotional response to another’s emotion
Usually experience of stress
understanding the frame work of emotion and that others have emotion, and they they might feel it differently than you.
Ex. Caleb sharing his favorite ‘toutou’ to Aurelie went she went to the hospital.
Looking at individual difference: what is temperament?
Individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention
-Present since birth
-Biologically based
Some kid are born with a more active system in the sense they feel more scary or anxious…preprogramming. Innate.
Characteristics that make us different from one another
Last over time and situations
Let’s look at emotions in others. What comes first?
Recognition
Understanding
Understanding of:
Emotional states
Theory of Mind: i can be happy, they are not
Pragmatic Language: unwritten social rules. Understand that certain social display are appropriate or not depending on context.
little kids do not do that…
mimic other emotions at first.
study emotion recognition in a lifespan. Discuss Color Monster
emotional dvp, 39
what is emotional scripts?
-emotional understanding
What children expect will happen based on emotional displays
Built from previous exposure and experience
need to adapt your emotional scripts
early empathy help
what is multiple emotions?
-emotional understanding
look at the lifepsan (slide 46, emotionaldvp I)
Understanding that people can have different feelings
Understanding that people can have conflicting feelings
when do kids understand fake emotions?
3: failure to hide emotions
5: understand fake emotions, growth in imagination, growth in vocabulary
4-6: understand deception by others
Display rules: when is it appropriate to show certain emotions? I understand you feel that way, but you can or cannot behave a certain way
what is emotion reguation?
-Exert control over one’s emotional state
-And behaviour by extension
Behavioural strategies 🡪 Cognitive strategies
Less parent involvement through childhood
Social expectations
what is co-regulation? when does it occur?
-Infancy
-Parent-guided
up to a certain age we cannot do it by ourselves. it is related to attachment.
not cognitively ready. when they cry we take them in our arms, (sensory feedback), baby talk…
what is behavioural regulation?
Infancy (can persist)
Self-comforting behaviours: thumb sucking, hair twirling
Self-distraction: avoid upsetting stimulus, especially when the child has more motor mobility. ex. turning away from loud noise, food they don’t like… if i can’t see it, it doesn’t exist.
when over stimulate: baby can rub their hands on their face…self-comforting.
what is the role of parents in modelling emotion?
Expression of appropriate emotions
Emotional expression
Closed vs. open
close: hold emotion inside. influence by out/inwards. children mimic what they learn…
walk through emotion socialization.
there is a difference between telling your kids never to feel or feel too much… ground in the middle. it’s ok to be mad, angry.
having parent’s feedback on the child’s emotion actually help them.
slide 11-13, Emotional dvp II
Socioemotional well-being. What are the developmentally appropriate milestones?
all normal. after a while you just can’t see them… younger is fine but you need to outgrow them.
- Crying: Communicates needs, wants, fears
Often tied to lack of:
Understanding
Language - Separation Anxiety: Caregivers are entire world to young children
Separation fear is adaptive.
thing about Strange Task. think of attachment styles. - temper Tantrums:
-Often tied to a sense of frustration and lack of control
-Language skills also important.
it is normal to have those… what is not normal is that your child doesn’t have it.
How do we manage separation anxiety?
Practice separation: Before the big day!
Explain in child-friendly terms
Be consistent
Keep promises
Attention
Goodbye rituals
what is the effect of stress on child?
-Feelings of pressure and being overwhelmed
-Can result in internalizing or externalizing emotional effects
ex. nobody wants to sit with me. it is hard for the parents bc they can’t do something about it.
what is the fight or flight response?
Flight: run away from stressors
Fight: confront stressors
What happens when we can’t run away or fight?
= Stress
school. getting bullied you want to flight but you have no choice but to go…
discuss the timline of stress? periodic and continuous.
-Periodic – happens every now and then
Stressful test
Bad day at school
-Continuous – prolonged, does not let up, cumulative
Bullying at school
Unstable home environment
Medical issues
what is traumatic stress?
Can be due to one significant event
–Car accident
–School shooting
Trauma can also be continuous
–Prolonged exposure to trauma
what is resilience?
Positive adaptation in the face of adversity
Three key points:
-Dynamic – not always resilient all the time, depends on the situation
-Positive adaptation
-Adversity must be significant
Is resilience a strength? not sure of this one
What is a strength? Values by culture and national values.
Genes and cultural factors can be both strengths and risks. Differential susceptibility in stress reactions.
Communities need to help support children. Not every child needs help but should encourage overall support for children.
Resilience is not just something for the child. The community is often the real predictor of resilience.
define equifinalty and multifinalty?
Equifinality: Various causes to same outcome
Multifinality: Certain risk factors don’t always lead to same outcomes
Define emotion-behaviour disorders (EBD).
- A pattern of disruptive behaviors and emotions
2.Intense and often prolonged emotions and behaviors
3. Inhibited healthy functioning at home, in school, in social situations, and in other settings
4.Long duration; the behaviors and emotional disturbances must last six months or longer
if the child acts out only in when place, well they react to the environment.
kids go through phases… this is why we don’t diagnoses them when they are minor.
Key: NOT developmentally appropriate - socio-emotional characteristics (2)
- Externalizing behaviors: turned outwards
Difference between acting out and emotional behavioural disorders (EBD)
Aggression
Impulsivity
Defiance
- Internalizing behaviors: turned inwards (quiet, sadness, anxiety, depression).
Often missed!
Immaturity: do not how to interact with other people
Withdrawal
Depression
What is depression?
Sad or irritable mood
Experience mood changes for 2 weeks+ AND physical/cognitive changes
Nature and nurture
depression is highly heritability
if you parents had it and never seek help: nature and nurture
Based around negative perception of the world:
Feelings of sadness and defeat
Lack of motivation/interest
Difficulties sleeping
Feelings of guilt
what is anxiety?
Inability to regulate emotions of fear and worry 🡪 excessive fear of real or perceived threats
Nature and nurture
depression and anxiety comes hand in hand.
actual fear: fear of letting people down.
this is why you teach kids about their emotion if not they won’t be able to handled them correctly..
Focuses around fear and stress
-Tension
-Worry
-Recurring intrusive thoughts
-Avoidance of stressful situations
-Withdrawal
Different forms of anxiety
-Generalized anxiety disorder
-Social anxiety disorder
-Specific phobias
-Separation anxiety disorders
ANXIETY ACROSS THE LIFESPAN
emotional dvp II, slide 40
hat is OCD?
Attempt to control fears and stressors of life
Obsessions: recurring, unwanted thoughts/ideas/feelings
-Contamination
-Social stressors
-Loss
-Order and symmetry
Compulsions: repetitive actions to combat obsessions
-Cleaning actions
-Ordering and organization
-Seeking approval or reassurance
viscious circle:
Temporary relief –> obessions –> anxiety – compulsions –> temporary relief
what is Oppositional defiance disorder (ODD)?
Persistent pattern of:
Anger, irritability
Defiance
Vindictiveness towards authority figures
Persistent pattern of:
Anger, irritability
Defiance
Vindictiveness towards authority figures
what is conduct disorder (CD)?
not much distinction between CD and ODD.
Antisocial behaviours:
Difficulty following rules
Respecting others
No showing empathy
Following social norms
Aggression
what is the difference btw ODD and CD?
ODD: Resistance of control by authority and society
CD:
-Resistance of control
-React with attempts to reverse control 🡪 via aggression etc.
–> you are not the boss of me and I will do my best to be in charge.
How would you define morality?
-Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior
-A particular system of values and principles of conduct, especially one held by a specified person or society
-The extent to which an action is right or wrong
What are two things to consider when thinking of morality?
Moral reasoning:
How we think we would behave in a hypothetical, moral scenario
Moral behaviour:
How we actually behave in a moral scenario
Let’s discuss Piaget! Name the four stages.
Jean Piaget
Changed psychological perspective on human cognition
0-2 years: sensorimotor
2-6 years: preoperational
6-11 years: concrete operational
12 onwards: formal operational
discuss sensorimotor and preoperational stages
- Sensorimotor:
0-2 years
Rely on senses and motor (body) skills to investigate the world
Learning is active, without reflection
Preoperational
2-6 years
Thinking symbolically due to growth in language
Imagination begins
Ego centric: can’t take another person’s perspective
discuss concrete and formal operational
- concrete operaitonal
6-11 years
Begin to use logic to understand the world, using scientific framework
Dependent on what we’ve seen before
- formal operational (analytical thinking)
12 years onward
Abstract and hypothetical thinking
Can use analytical thinking and balance emotions
what is premoral stage?
Little concern or awareness for rules
when does heteronomous morality or moral realism happened?
About age 5 (preoperational stage)
Authority rules
Consequences
Social and cognitive influences
what is autonomous morality or moral reciprocity?
Autonomous Morality or Moral Reciprocity
11 to 12 years
No longer blindly following authority
‘Punishment fits the crime’
Social influences
What are the positive and negative of Piaget’s theory?
Positives:
Age effects
Parental influences
Cognitive development
Negative:
Underestimation of intentionality
who is Kolhberg and what didhe do?
Influenced by Piaget
Development over time
Specific stages 🡪 discontinuous & hierarchal
Three levels – each with two stages within
what are the levels of moral reasoning? (4)
Preconventional level:
1.Punishment and Obedience Orientation
2.Instrumental and Exchange Orientation
Conventional level
3. Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity Orientation
4. Social System and Conscience Orientation
Postconvential or Principled level
5. Social Contract or Individual Rights Orientation
6. Universal Ethical Principles
Discuss preconventional level
Self-centered
Stage one: Punishment and Obedience Orientation
-Avoid punishment
Deferral to authority
-Focus on physical consequences
Stage two: Instrumental and naïve hedonistic
-Conformity via reward motivation
-Reciprocity 🡪 for a gain
discuss Conventional Level
Social Relationships
Stage three: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity Orientation
Orientation
-Good boy/good girl morality
-Maintain approval and good relationships
-Concerned with others’ approval
Stage four: Social System and Conscience Orientation
Authority and morality that maintain social order
Blindly accept social conventions and rules
Rules should be maintained to avoid issues
Law and order perspective
discuss postconvential (principled) level
ideal centered
Stage five: Social Contract or Individual Rights Orientation
-Moral beliefs have flexibility
-Conforming to norms that seem necessary
-Norms can be modified
Stage six: Universal Ethical Principles
-Confirm to social standards and internalized ideals
-Aim for self-awareness rather than acceptance
-Principles of justice, compassion, morality
what is the Heinz Dilemma?
slide 29-30, Morality I
what are the positives and negatives Kohlberg’s theory?
Positives
-Moral reasoning changes systematically
-Levels of moral reasoning related to moral behaviour
Negatives
-Moral issues ≠ social convention
-Cultural influences?
-Discontinuous
-Gender differences?
what are three areas of revision of the Kohlberg?
- Gender differences:
Up for debate
-Carol Gilligan
-Girls focused on interpersonal
Boys focused on logic and balance of rights
- Context sensitivity:
-Shifting between order of moral reasoning
-Not stages - Civil rights and liberties
-Children are aware of civil rights and liberties from a young age
-Children can shift opinion of governing structures with age
Turiel and social domain theory
-Gradual growth versus stages
-Environmental 🡪 explicit and implicit
-Three different domains of social knowledge
social domain theory:
what are three domains?
moral:
-Universal concepts of right and wrong, fairness, justice, and individual rights > rules and authority
-Perspective taking
societal:
-Societies’ rules and conventions to maintain order
-Negotiate interactions
personal:
-AKA psychological domain
-Individual preferences
-Sense of autonomy
what is the reasoning about the complex issues?
Moral > Social and Personal
What do we think about exclusion?
What are the learning rules?
Based upon caregiver influence.
Right and Wrong
16 months: awareness of right vs. wrong
2-3 years: Increased awareness of rules of right vs. wrong
3 years: Justification of actions in disputes
School-aged: Consideration and reasoning
What gives the best success?
-Domain specificity
-Tailoring to developmental stage
Discuss adolesence and autonomy
Autonomy:
-Right or condition of self-government
-Ability to make an informed, uncoerced decision
-Ability to make independent decisions
-Operating without external expectations
-Respect for an individual’s person
What are the similarities and differences cultural and socioeconomic status?
Similarities:
Moral, societal, and personal across cultures
-Fairness & welfare of others
Differences:
-Parents vs. peers
-Religious beliefs
-Lower vs. higher SES
what is the development conscience?
Age 2 🡪 recognize moral
-standards, rules, exhibit signs of guilt
-Parents moral values
-Temperament
-Development of conscience 🡪 acceptance of society morals
video Morality I slide 53
Moral behavior: what is delay gratification?
(don’t forget it include emotional regulatin)
-Long-term thinking
-Wait longer to get a better reward vs. not waiting and smaller reward
what is internalization?
Internal value system
Developed through the internalization of lessons
How does it reflect what you are as a person?
what does developing a conscience means? what about stability?
Development of right vs. wrong
Encouraged by learning from outside factors
Stability: children tend to be fairly consistent in behaviors across time and context
What are the effects of emotion on behavior?
Guilt can promote lack of rule-breaking
However, excessive guilt 🡪 depression, anxiety, self-blaming
Ex. a child breaking a vase. The parent response: it made me sad, because it was my favorite. Vs it was expensive.
Guilting children for something outside of their control = can lead to internalize problem. = long term consequence → depression, anxiety, self-blaming.
what are some prosocial behavior?
Voluntary behaviour intended to benefit others
Sharing
Caring and Sympathizing
Comforting
Cooperating
Helping
what are some altruistic behavior?
Prosocial behaviour with additional:
Lack of thought for own immediate welfare
Lack of need for reciprocity or acknowledgement
Sacrifice of own needs
what are some prosical reasoning?
With development, teens can: Evaluate self-serving vs. genuine acts
More prosocial reasoning:
Sympathy and empathy
More prosocial behaviour
Less likely to respond with violence
Who shows more prosocial reasoning?
Girls - we expect them to be more prosocial
Youth with open communication with adults
Youth with ability to depend on and trust a mentor/ caregiver
If an adult is prosocial = youth are more likely to do the same bc you respect them
Gender role… boy don’t need to help. So girl are reporting more prosocial behavior.
prosocial over a life span
0-6 months: reciprocal crying. Prefers helpful people
6-12 months: sharing behavior. Affective. Prefers cooperation, group mentality: show emotion to connect with people. Smiles to us so we smile back. Potential of prosocialibility.
1-2 years: Cooperative play. Comforting behaviour. Helpful behaviour
2-3 years: Sharing .Planned caregiving and helping. Verbal help and advice. Protection of others. taking care of their toy… like ‘my teddy is hungry to’. Mimicking what they hear from other ‘ you get it’. They recognize there is benefits to encouraging other. They will protect other too (like there teddy) showing impact by recognizing it
3-10 years: External motivation to help. Recognition of needs
Good and bad awareness. Like reward (in classroom)
10-17 years: Internalized reasoning. Social obligations to help
Self-respect. do we follow them or not? More social obligation: chores.
What are the four stages of reasoning?
- Hedonistic reasoning: Approx. age 4. People should behave prosocially because they will receive material rewards
- Needs-oriented reasoning: Approx. middle childhood(7-10 ish).
Balancing of the needs of others, even if they were in conflict with their own needs - Empathetic reasoning:
Approx. adolescence or later
Thinking about others through lens of sympathy - Internalized reasoning: Approx. adolescence or later
Justification of prosocial reasoning based on:
–Individual value systems
–Social obligations
Reflect value system.
Social obligation: we should be kind to one and another. And other may not like us. More abstract.
Name the 4 sources of prosocial dvp
- Biology:
- Environment:
- Culture:
- Cognition:
Explain how biology plays a role in prosocial dvp (3)
- Biology: Evolutionary Perspectives :Kin selection
Kin selection: we developed prosocial based on survival. Like family or close friend. Expectation of support. There are retrospective and backwards… this is why the behavior had survival. But it is a non-testable theory.
2.Biology: Genetics
-Contribution of genetic factors are evident in childhood
-Increases across adolescence
No gene for prosocialibilty. Hard to know the exact genetic root.
- Biology: Temperament
-More inhibited children tend to be more upset in face of others’ distress
-More reactive children tend to be less prosocial
Early sign of personality. Anxious kids.
Understand other emotion. Very watchful and attune. Hyper-vigilence. Tends to have better theory of mind because they are more empathetic.
More reactive = less prosocial. Less emotional regulation = less prosocial. Difficult being prosocial on the long run
what role do environment play in prosocial dvp?
- Family
a. Caregivers’role:
i.Modelling. (+) relationship, open communication. More likely to listen to your parents.
ii. Opportunity: household tasks. Voluntary community service. School-based volunteer service. Give your child chances to develop prosocial behavior. Get kids involved. They are already mimicking the parents… so they could try to clean the floor.
Like CIVIC ENGAGEMENT (being involved in political and ocmmunity ffaires) -Demonstrating more knowledge about current affairs
- Engaging in political activities - Community service
VOLUNTEERING. Who is more likely to volunteer? Involvement in religion. Having parents involved in volunteering
Teens who volunteer tend to be: Female, More socially mature, More extraverted, More altruistic
iii. Discipline and reinforcement. –> involved and close parenting. Authoritative. Open communication. - Peers influence:
Learn and practice:
Fairness
Justice
Reciprocity
Conflict resolution
Lack of harm
a. Culture: Some cultures stress the needs of being prosocial
Western cultures 🡪 onus on personal choice
Non-Western cultures 🡪 interpersonal responsibilities to the wider community
Cognition
2 main areas to consider: empathy and perspective taking (theory of mind, need to consider the role of motivation.
what are some unhelpful and helpful responses to conflict?
Unhelpful: balming, persecuting, forcing.
Helpful: obersving, moderating, holding space, empowering.
what are prosical behavior, empathy and sympathy?
prosocial behavior: voluntary behavior intended to benefit other
Empathy: emotional response to another’s emotional state or condition
Sympathy: feeling of concern for another in response to other’s emotional state or condition.
