part 3 Flashcards
self-concept during childhood?
Susan Harter: Observations and evaluations of others
Direct
Indirect
evaluation: ex saying ‘ you are so good at this’… = direct evaluations
indirect evaluation: someone might not say something directly to you but you pick on on things. Like, your drawings are never on the fridge, nobody picks you in their sport team.
self-concept - middle childhood
Concrete, observable characteristics
Physical activities and abilities
Psychological traits
Preferences
Confidence!
self-concept middle to late childhood
Higher-order concepts
Self-representations can conflict
Social comparison
More balanced
More realistic
beginning to compare. not a bad thing, it depends who it is used.
self-concept in early adolescence?
Multiple selves
Concern for social status
Abstract concepts
what is perspective taking?
being able to look at yourself from someone else’s view point. helps with objective self-awereness
what is objective self-awareness?
Personal fables: uniqueness of one’s own feelings and thoughts. only person to experience this
Imaginary audiences: “All eyes on me”. ‘ yees on me all the time’. No accurate, but under stress, or not feel good in our skin.
self-concept in middle adolescence?
Contradictions in selves
Confusion
different expectations of us. from parents to friends. we are confused and conflicted.
self-concept late adolescence?
Reflect internalized personal values, beliefs, and standards
Concerned about future self
Integration of contradictions
our values might clash with our caregivers = tensions. we are ok, with the contradiction. we can live with it.
self-esteem: the role of self-appraisal?
Learning to rate oneself
Childhood 🡪 Overwhelmingly positive
With time and experience…. More measured.
How do think about our self-esteem?
Interindividual Variation
No two individuals are exactly alike in self-esteem
Heterogeneity
Intraindividual Variation
Self-esteem is not consistent within the individual. Ex. very good writer, but very bad at sport. there is flexibility.
Self-Esteem Variability
Short term fluctuations in self-esteem
People high in self-esteem variability tend to:
Have an enhanced sensitivity to socio-evaluative events
Have increased concern about self-view
Be overly reliant on social sources of evaluation
React to evaluation with anger and hostility
what is the difference between level of self esteem and its variability?
level: Average of self-esteem 🡪 how we usually feel about ourselves
variability:In the moment self-esteem 🡪 how we feel in the face of circumstances
How do we think about our self-esteem?
Explicit - What we are aware of, what we share
Implicit -What we are unaware of
Global - Overall sense of self
Domain Specific - Self-esteem in specific area
self estime and cultural influences
Western cultures
-Individual accomplishments
-Self-promotion
-Others’ evaluations can be risky
Eastern societies
-Contributing to welfare of the group
-Self-criticism > self-improvement
Self-Esteem & Criticism
When faced with failure and criticism:
Low self-esteem: perform poorly and give up sooner 🡪 fear of failure
High self-esteem: acts as motivator 🡪 fear of not succeeding
Self-Esteem & Negative Events
High self-esteem and coping mechanisms: Focus on other areas of life for success
Known as compartmentalizing
Concept of self-complexity
Not tying self to one piece of self
Self-Esteem as a protector
Protection
Avoiding feedback, avoiding growth
Defensive shield around self-concept
Enhancement
Integrating feedback to promote growth
Still holding sense of self, but flexible
entity theory vs incremental theory
ENTITY
Intelligence is fixed
Failure 🡪 helplessness
Outcome focused
“Wow, you’re great at math.”
“I guess you’re just not really good at public speaking”
INCREMENTAL
Intelligence develops
Success achieved through effort
Process focused
“I like how you keep trying.”
“If you try harder, you can achieve this.”
Maricia 1980 and identity status
Commitment: making decision.
Exploration: trying to figuring who you are
Identity achievement: they found what they wanted to be based on their experience
Identity foreclosure: ex. You’ll be a doctor no questions ask. So they kids have a predetermined role in life imposed by parents.
Moratorium: might commit later, they explore without a thought ab it
Identity diffusion: not going to find themselves, not making choices…
This can last long… you can figure out who you are in adulthood
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