PSY210: 6. Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence Flashcards

Question

Sleep Habits in Adolescence

Answer 1

Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later biological “phase delay” - circadian rhythm - more alert later in the evening social habits sleeping far less than they need to

Answer 2

lower achievement: linked to poor performance, frontal lobe doesn’t have as much nutrients mood problems: more cranky high-risk behaviours missing about 3-4 hours from recommended alottment of sleep schools in europe should start later

Answer 3

More negative life events - responsibilities, pressure not actually moodier, just appropriately responding to a somewhat difficult time of development get into university, form friendships, romantic relationship, get a job reacting appropriately to new experiences

Answer 4

Stronger responses: more excitatory - stronger positive/negative emotion, greater anxiety Mood swings related to daily events cultural scripts

Answer 5

if truly moody, we wouldn’t see a pattern | respond more strongly, but not that they’re moody

Answer 6

Severe dieting strong indicator, fixation on weight Family relationships Cultural pressure anorexia nervosa starve out of fear of getting fat, difficult to treat, causes anxiety

Answer 7

bulimia nervosa: strict diet and exercise, then binge + purge - vomitting causes deterioration of teeth, esophagus, heartburn, can’t control vomitting, more common, easier to treat Compulsive Exercise: Drive for thinness, perfectionism - more common in men 1/10 for anorexia/bulimia, compulsive exercise increase due to changing ideal body types in society

Answer 8

North American attitudes restrictive: media contradicts family messages - everybody is having it + it is awesome family messages are the opposite - lack of discussion + rejection of sexuality find it awkward to talk to them especially if they want specifics

Answer 9

conservative when interacting with adolescents abstinence programs more liberal over past 40 years most say premarital sex OK for committed partners

Answer 10

Activity matches attitudes: rates declining since 1990s, few partners decline for youngest age group, in line with current attitudes more accepting, only when you’re ready very few have multiple sexual partners

Answer 11

individuals in late is more acceptable | girls tend to prefer older men, girls are ready at an earlier age for sex

Answer 12

``` Boys Girls Growth spurt starts age 121⁄2 starts age 10 Proportions shoulders broaden, longer legs hips broaden Muscle–fat makeup gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency gain more fat testosterone causes development of lungs girls need fat for growth ```

Answer 13

Recent increase in use But many Americans, Canadians do not use Reasons for not using: concern about image: condoms are for sailors + whores - perception adolescent risk-taking: more likely to experience heightened emotion - panning isn’t fully developed

Answer 14

social environment: expected to have sex + condom wasn’t available forced intercourse unrealistic about consequences: don’t realize likelihood of becoming pregnant >50%, decreases as we get older

Answer 15

Personal: Early puberty Tendency to violate norms: can be a form of acting out Little religious involvement: religious involvement linked to decreased sexual activity churches have youth groups adolescents can turn to - open discussions about sex Family: Step, single-parent, or large family

Answer 16

Weak parental monitoring, parent–child communication - not talking about sex Peer: hanging out with older peer group, Sexually active tend to have older siblings that are sexually active Educational: Poor school performance Low educational goals: do not expect to do well, not thinking about long term consequences

Answer 17

Foster open communication: more likely to be prepared to make good decisions tell children they should feel open to ask you questions, it can be an ongoing discussion Use correct terms: demonstrate that you take it seriously, respect discussion

Answer 18

Listen, discuss, collaborate: listen first, let them talk about it Think before talking: think about your approach Keep conversations going Internet can be a hazardous educator: they are going to learn about it from peers + internet more misogynist view + extreme sexual practices as normal

Answer 19

2 - 3% identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual Genetic Basis: increased estrogen exposure in prenatal Maternal heredity: common genetic marker Stereotypes: tend to act counter-gender early on fashion - reflection of attitudes toward choice lower than adults, process of discovering sexuality individuals are born homosexual

Answer 20

Feeling different: ages 6–12: seemed like feelings + attitudes didn’t align, liking gender deviant behaviour Confusion: ages 11–15: retrospective study - don’t actually differ, find meaning in behaviours expected to be sexually attractive to girls, engage hetero dating

Answer 21

Self-acceptance timing depends on level of support and culture self identify as homosexual - report on experience of coming outtiming

Answer 22

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning deducing hypotheses from general theory: thinking of everything possible + narrowing down to what is probable creating hypothesis of reality + testing them more able to think like a scientist pendulum problem: explain speed with varying weights - children start testing, trial + error

Answer 23

Propositional thought:adolescents start abstractly - think hypothetically evaluating the logic of verbal propositions - one true, one false statement - develops in adolescents children have difficulty evaluating if, then statements begins + continues to develop as propositions become more complex

Answer 24

School-age children start developing abstract thinking skills problems with propositional thinking: logical necessity Formal operations may not be universal: training, context contribute often fall back on easier thinkingadults still have trouble with propositions - heuristics

Answer 25

schooling essential factor possible that not everybody reaches formal operations cultures without formal schooling - fail formal operation tasks formal education centred around formal operations

Answer 26

Attention, Inhibition, Memory strategies, Knowledge, Metacognition, Cognitive self-regulation, Processing capacity, Speed of thinking small qualitative improvements in these areas

Answer 27

Coordinating theory with evidence Improves with age: from childhood through adulthood, individuals vary, ability to postulate Contributing factors: working memory capacity, exposure to complex problems, metacognitive understanding, open-mindedness

Answer 28

Kuhn: mouse in house - big/small, build a mini mouse house in both circumstances of big door, pellet would be gone if small door, then pellet would be there if the mouse was big children fixated on consequence - don’t like absence of effect, like the big door circumstances

Answer 29

imaginary audience: sensitivity to criticism think about themselves in deep detail, think abstractly, most frequent experience reflect on self, if it’s salient to you, then it must be obvious to everyone else because it’s all you can think about explains sensitivity to criticism

Answer 30

Piaget: adolescent egocentrism personal fable - think they are unique/special ‘cause they think of their own experiences Idealism and criticism: can postulate ideal world - idealism - world as it could be ideal world doesn’t match their reality - angst

Answer 31

inexperience overwhelming options decision making - no experience to know which option is the best - no practical knowledge

Answer 32

Grades decline with each transition: higher standards, less supportive teaching–learning environment new experiences, new environment, new expectations performance drops = lower self esteem

Answer 33

Lower self-esteem: girls more than boys girls entering puberty - initial drop in self-esteem increase in truancy (skipping) + problem behaviours truancy + problem behaviour increases even in well adjusted student

Answer 34

academic problems + mental health problems mental health problems don’t increase in problem behaviours if they have both issues, might consider increased monitoring

Answer 35

Parental involvement, monitoring: informed, but not to the point of excess - still want them to self govern Smaller units within schools: groups that they can join - small unit you have contact with Homeroom teacher relationships: protective, monitor your performance

Answer 36

Classes with familiar peers: help them pay attention, talk about assignments with Minimize competition, treatment by ability at school: focus on outcomes - test score not mastery oriented, teaching them learned helplessness

Answer 37

Child-rearing practices: authoritative - joint decision making: gives adolescent feelings of competence Parent–school partnerships: supportive of school decisions

Answer 38

School characteristics: classroom learning experiences, teaching, tracking: in US, greater issue of more private schools - good teachers tracking: telling kids 14-15 decide rest of life (vocational or university track)

Answer 39

Peer influences: value high achievement Employment schedule: vocational education valuing education = greater performance negative betw employment + grades - less time to devote to studies

Answer 40

Coordinating theory with evidence Improves with age: from childhood through adulthood, individuals vary Contributing factors: working memory capacity, exposure to complex problems, metacognitive understanding, open-mindedness coordinate theory with evidence ability to postulate, improves in adolescence

Answer 41

Remedial instruction High-quality vocational training Personalized counselling address factors in students’ lives outside school usually has other issues that results in them dropping out Extracurricular activities Sports and Recreation

Answer 42

``` Academic performance Social skills, peer acceptance Self-esteem, confidence Less antisocial behaviour Improved family relationships ```

Answer 43

decreases likelihood of dropping out - give them reason to like school when getting rid of extracurriculars increased drop out rate cut suicide rate in half because they give them a reason to live

Answer 44

``` Pruning continues Growth and myelination speed up. Neurotransmitter response changes Frontal lobes Strengthen connections among regions More sensitive to excitatory messages ```

Answer 45

Cognitive advances attention planning integrating information self-regulation Intensifies reactions to stress ! pleasure, novelty responsiveness of neurotransmitters pruning: in PFC (efficient network), quick access myelination: frontal lobes + cerebellum - increase speed

Answer 46

brain more responsive to neurotransmitter - more sensitive to excitatory signals able to make sense of small amount of info responds more strongly to dopamine - why they seek pleasure + feel more stressed

Answer 47

Early and late maturing girls Early - more negative effects due to cultural views about appearance and changing peer groups Late - experience more teasing from peers for a period of time Most negative effects dissipate by adulthood

Answer 48

starts interacting with her as an adult - thinking that they are more culturally or cognitively interacting with older peer groups - start drinking, having sex earlier you hit it, the shorter their peak is harder to be thin for short ppl, valued early on + discarded after late: not overwhelming teasing, but end up conforming on

Answer 49

Early - both positive and negative effects • Late - only negative effects early: positive - more muscle mass, conforming to society ideals better at sports, but start hanging out with older ppl - early sexual activity, substance abuse late: not as good as sports, want to be mature so they act older - substance abuse

Answer 50

``` Surprise ! More positive than in past ! Preparation, information help ! Father’s involvement helps ! Ethnic variations surprised about how early it happens, more common that they are informed ```

Answer 51

``` Boys ! Mixed reactions ! Sooner than expected ! Preparation helps ! Could benefit from telling people most boys have no idea what’s going on ```

Answer 52

Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later ! biological “phase delay” ! social habits stay up later - phase delay - circadian rhythm - more alert later in the evening sleeping far less than they need to, need just as much sleep as children

Answer 53

! lower achievement ! mood problems ! high-risk behaviours missing about 3-4 hours from recommended alottment of sleep linked to poor performance, frontal lobe doesn’t have as much nutrients more cranky, schools in europe should start later

Answer 54

``` More negative life events Stronger responses Mood swings ! related to daily events ! cultural scripts more excitatory - stronger positive/negative emotion, greater anxiety ```

Answer 55

more moody: not actually moodier, just appropriately responding to a somewhat difficult time of development more negative events - more responsibilities, more pressure get into university, form friendships, romantic relationship, get a job reacting appropriately to new experiences

Answer 56

if truly moody, we wouldn’t see a pattern | respond more strongly, but not that they’re moody

Answer 57

Severe dieting strong indicator Family relationships Cultural pressure ! anorexia nervosa " starve out of fear of getting fat " difficult to treat anorexia: do not eat, phobia of getting fat, avoid eating, causes anxiety

Answer 58

! bulimia nervosa " strict diet and exercise, then binge and purge " more common, easier to treat ! Compulsive Exercise " Drive for thinness, perfectionism bulimia: eat then vomit, drive for thinness, they still want to eat - vomitting causes deterioration of teeth, esophagus, heartburn, can’t control vomitting compulsive exercise: more common in men, drive for thinness + perfectionism. want perfect body. undereat fixation on weight 1/10 for anorexia/bulimia, compulsive exercise increase due to changing ideal body types in society

Answer 59

orth American attitudes restrictive ! media contradicts family messages ! abstinence programs ! more liberal over past 40 years ! most say premarital sex OK for committed partners

Answer 60

message: everybody is having it + it is awesome family messages are the opposite - lack of discussion + rejection of sexuality find it awkward to talk to them especially if they want specifics conservative when interacting with adolescents attitudes becoming more liberal

Answer 61

Activity matches attitudes ! rates declining since 1990s ! few partners decline for youngest age group, in line with current attitudes more accepting, only when you’re ready very few have multiple sexual partners

Answer 62

individuals in late is more acceptable | girls tend to prefer older men, girls are ready at an earlier age for sex

Answer 63

significant reduction betw 1997-2005 in the youngest demographic not as much of a concern as we think

Answer 64

``` Recent increase in use But many Americans, Canadians do not use Reasons for not using: ! concern about image ! adolescent risk-taking ! social environment ```

Answer 65

! forced intercourse ! unrealistic about consequences condoms are for sailors + whores - perception more likely to experience heightened emotion - panning isn’t fully developed expected to have sex + condom wasn’t available don’t realize likelihood of becoming pregnant >50%, decreases as we get older

Answer 66

``` Personal Early puberty Tendency to violate norms Little religious involvement Family Step, single-parent, or large family " Weak parental monitoring, parent–child communication Peer Sexually active friends or siblings Educational Poor school performance Low educational goals ```

Answer 67

hanging out with older peer group, engage in mature activities can be a form of acting out, religious involvement linked to decreased sexual activity churches have youth groups adolescents can turn to - open discussions about sex less communication - not talking about sex tend to have older siblings that are sexually active do bad at school, do not expect to do well, not thinking about long term consequences

Answer 68

decreases likelihood of dropping out - give them reason to like school when getting rid of extracurriculars increased drop out rate cut suicide rate in half because they give them a reason to live

Answer 69

``` # Foster open communication. # Use correct terms. # Listen, discuss, collaborate. # Think before talking. # Keep conversations going. # The Internet can be a hazardous educator. ```

Answer 70

more likely to be prepared to make good decisions tell children they should feel open to ask you questions, it can be an ongoing discussion using correct terms - demonstrate that you take it seriously, respect discussion listen first, let them talk about it, think about your approach they are going to learn about it from peers + internet more misogynist view + extreme sexual practices as normal

Answer 71

``` Feeling different ages 6–12 Confusion ages 11–15 Self-acceptance timing varies self identify as homosexual - report on experience of coming out ```

Answer 72

seemed like feelings + attitudes didn’t align, liking gender deviant behaviour retrospective study - don’t actually differ, find meaning in behaviours expected to be sexually attractive to girls, engage hetero dating timing depends on level of support and culture

Answer 73

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning deducing hypotheses from a general theory pendulum problem Propositional thought ! evaluating the logic of verbal propositions thinking of everything possible + narrowing down to what is probable creating hypothesis of reality + testing them more able to think like a scientist

Answer 74

pendulum task: explain speed with varying weights - children start testing, trial + error adolescents start abstractly - think hypothetically proposition: evaluate logical statements - one true, one false statement - develops in adolescents children have difficulty evaluating if, then statements begins + continues to develop as propositions become more complex

Answer 75

School-age children start developing abstract thinking skills. ! problems with propositional thinking !logical necessity Formal operations may not be universal. ! training, context contribute ! often fall back on easier thinking ! schooling essential factor cannot work with 3 variables adults still have trouble with propositions - heuristics

Answer 76

possible that not everybody reaches formal operations cultures without formal schooling - fail formal operation tasks formal education centred around formal operations - training

Answer 77

``` Attention # Inhibition # Memory strategies # Knowledge # Metacognition # Cognitive self-regulation # Processing capacity # Speed of thinking small qualitative improvements in these areas ```

Answer 78

elaboration more likely to be used substantial increase in knowledge due to education metacognition*: evaluate own ideas, question ourselves regulating heuristical thought, WM adult levels, improvements in frontal lobe - info processing speed

Answer 79

Coordinating theory with evidence Improves with age ! from childhood through adulthood ! individuals vary Contributing factors: ! working memory capacity ! exposure to complex problems ! metacognitive understanding ! open-mindedness coordinate theory with evidence ability to postulate, improves in adolescence

Answer 80

Kuhn: mouse in house - big/small, build a mini mouse house pellet in house mouse we use small door in both circumstances of big door, pellet would be gone if small door, then pellet would be there if the mouse was big children fixated on consequence - don’t like absence of effect like the big door circumstances

Answer 81

Self-consciousness and self-focusing ! imaginary audience !sensitivity to criticism ! personal fable Idealism and criticism Planning and decision making ! inexperience ! overwhelming options

Answer 82

``` tested in school for complex problems not fixated improve metacognitive processes more self conscious: think about themselves in deep detail, think abstractly, most frequent experience Piaget: adolescent egocentrism Info processing: interesting, ```

Answer 83

believe they’re on stage for everyone else reflect on self, if it’s salient to you, then it must be obvious to everyone else because it’s all you can think about explains sensitivity to criticism Piaget: fable - think they are unique/special ‘cause they think of their own experiences can postulate ideal world - idealism - world as it could be ideal world doesn’t match their reality - angst decision making - no experience to know which option is the best - no practical knowledge

Answer 84

``` Grades decline with each transition. ! higher standards ! less supportive teaching– learning environment Lower self-esteem ! girls more than boys ```

Answer 85

performance always drops during points of transition new experiences, new environment, new expectations performance drops = lower self esteem girls entering puberty - initial drop in self-esteem

Answer 86

increase in truancy (skipping) + problem behaviours truancy + problem behaviour increases even in well adjusted student academic problems + mental health problems increase in truancy, but mental health problems don’t increase in problem behaviours if they have both issues, might consider increased monitoring

Answer 87

Parental involvement, monitoring Smaller units within schools Homeroom teacher relationships Classes with familiar peers Minimize competition, treatment by ability at school informed, but not to the point of excess - still want them to self govern

Answer 88

groups that they can join - small unit you have contact with homeroom - protective, monitor your performance peers: help them pay attention, talk about assignments with minimize emphasis in competition - focus on outcomes - test score not mastery oriented, teaching them learned helplessness

Answer 89

``` Child-rearing practices ! authoritative ! joint decision making ! parent–school partnerships School characteristics ! classroom learning experiences ! teaching ! tracking ```

Answer 90

Peer influences ! value high achievement Employment schedule ! vocational education gives adolescent feelings of competence partnership: supportive of school decisions

Answer 91

in US, greater issue of more private schools - good teachers tracking: telling kids 14-15 decide rest of life (vocational or university track) peer influences: valuing education = greater performance negative betw employment + grades - less time to devote to studies

Answer 92

decreased in Canada, higher for boys - opportunity to have high paying labour jobs has a long standing influence

Answer 93

Remedial instruction High-quality vocational training Personalized counselling ! address factors in students’ lives outside school Extracurricular activities danger of dropping out consider vocational training usually has other issues that results in them dropping out

Answer 94

Sports and Recreation Less antisocial behaviour Improved family relationships

Answer 95

decreases likelihood of dropping out - give them reason to like school when getting rid of extracurriculars increased drop out rate cut suicide rate in half because they give them a reason to live