PSY210: 3. Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Flashcards

Question

Sociocultural Theory: Vygotsky

Answer 1

socially formed mind social interaction with others is how ppl learn Social contexts ! #other people contribute to cognitive development!

Answer 2

Zone of proximal development: tasks child cannot do alone but can learn with help of more skilled partners social contexts teach skills learn with someone who does know how to do it skills just beyond their grasp after first 2 years: learn primarily through language

Answer 3

behaviourist: Learned through operant conditioning (reinforcement) imitation nativist: Language Acquisition Device (LAD) biologically prepares infants to learn rules of language interactionist: inner capacities and environment work together

Answer 4

social context is important learn terms through correction + imitation nativist: parts of brain attuned to language, not other sounds deaf children: develop their own sign language, following basic grammatical rules interactionist: takes reinforcement to develop language

Answer 5

``` cooing + babbling! Becoming a communicator! " joint attention! " give-and-take! " preverbal gestures ```

Answer 6

cooing: vowel noises + babbling: consonant + vowel practicing: teaching them that they have meaning reciprocal interaction: back + forth communication joint attention: look at something, infants follow gaze language happens in sequence - give + take (peek-a-boo/patty cake) preverbal gestures: reach for what they want

Answer 7

Two-word utterances: telegraphic speech underextension: too narrowly apply - only to one of 2 things overextension: word + misapplies word to a schema they know around 200 words telegraphic: short utterances that contain meaning grammatical structure is correct - 1 1/2

Answer 8

First year: Basic trust vs mistrust Responsiveness Second year: Autonomy vs shame/ doubt Suitable guidance, Reasonable choices

Answer 9

interactions shape who we are how we resolve conflicts determines who we are first year: whether world is responsive, do they trust the world does the parent respond in quickly + appropriately?: trust is formed early on second year: having control vs shame/doubt over own body control self action vs. feeling bad/doubt in abilities do they berate child: shame over exercise, need suitable guidance give them reasonable choices, how much do they punish us

Answer 10

``` Happiness Smile: from birth Social smile: 6–10 weeks Laugh: 3–4 months Anger/Sadness General distress: from birth Anger: 4–6 months Increase in frequency until 2 Fear First fears: 2nd half of first year Stranger anxiety: 8–12 months ```

Answer 11

first experience emotions - 4 basic emotions smile when they are happy from birth, 6-10 weeks: at other familiar ppl laugh: need some frontal lobe development, ridiculous actions laugh at unexpected events meaning they have expectations

Answer 12

quick response requires maturation of the brain general distress to discomfort sadness: removal of parents anger expresses itself in form of frustration: serves a purpose declines after age of 2 need to be able to identify source of frustration wary of strangers, avoid interaction

Answer 13

Emotional contagion Recognize other’s facial expressions: 4–5 months Social referencing: 8–10 months emotions expressed are contagious among individuals simply expressing emotion, elicits emotion in other ppl

Answer 14

Relying on others’ emotional reactions to appraise situation | ! caregivers can use social referencing to teach children how to react

Answer 15

Shame, Embarrassment, Guilt, Envy, Pride Emerge middle of second year (1.5) Children become aware of self as separate + unique Require adult instruction about when to feel emotions learned emotions - taught to experience in response to specific behaviour without sense of self, we can’t feel these things

Answer 16

Adjusting own state of emotional intensity Requires effortful control Grows over first year, with brain development Caregivers contribute to child’s self-regulation style not socially appropriate, negative emotions are a bad thing has to be able to think on emotional state to exhibit effortful control difficulty regulating emotions: do this be removing themselves from situation

Answer 17

Reactivity: Speed and intensity of emotional arousal! attention motor activity! Self-regulation: Strategies modifying reactivity

Answer 18

how well they control attention | strategies in controlling emotions

Answer 19

Easy – 40%, Difficult – 10%, Slow-to-warm-up – 15%, Unclassified – 35% easy: established daily routines, positive, adapt easily difficult: irregular daily routines, slow to accept new experiences slow to warm up: motor activity lower, mild emotional reaction, negative in mood, slowly adjust to new experiences unclassified: mixture

Answer 20

first relationships formed parents care about bond with infant child behaviourist: drive-reduction model all children have drive to satiate hunger - cry until fed satiation paired with parents Harlow’s study of Rhys’ monkeys: fed with wire monkey multiple conditions: monkeys survived had soft cloth monkey monkey feeds + then cuddle with soft cloth monkey

Answer 21

emotional tie to the caregiver evolved because it promotes survival! Infant-parent relationships begin as a set of innate signals that call the adult to the babies side. Over time, a true affectional bond develops. attachment develops out of innate signals

Answer 22

1.The pre-attachment phase (birth to 6 weeks)! 2. The attachment-in-the-making phase (6 weeks to 6 - 8 months)! 3.The phase of clear-cut attachment (6 - months to 18 months - 2 years)! 4.Formation of reciprocal relationship (18 months - 2 years and on) inbuilt reflexes causes parent to find them adorable

Answer 23

2. smile more at familiar adults 3. clear-cut attachment: exhibit bond through separation anxiety 4. attachment becomes more progressed: understand parents have to leave barter for more time with parents

Answer 24

Secure attachment - infants who use parent as a secure base from which to explore and, when separated, are easily comforted by the parent when he/she returns. quality of attachment mary ainsworth

Answer 25

The strange situation technique, used to study attachment, capitalizes on separation anxiety study strength of attachment what happens when parent is with child, is there seperation anxiety are they comforted by parent?

Answer 26

Secure – 60% Avoidant – 15% Resistant – 10% Disorganized/disoriented – 15% avoidant: independent, indifferent, no separation anxiety resistant: cling to parent when in the room, lot of separation anxiety get mad at parent when they come back disorganized: independent + don’t care when mother returns - flat affect

Answer 27

predict interaction with other ppl later on in life predictive of subsequent attachments creates internal working model: develop schema of relationships unlikely to change from secure to disorganized secure attachment with one parent - can serve as model - enough

Answer 28

across cultures: secure attachment is most prevalent focus on independence in germany in japan + israeli: more collective - emphasize closeness

Answer 29

``` Opportunity for attachment Quality of caregiving! sensitive caregiving interactional synchrony! Infant characteristics! Family circumstances! " parents’ internal working models ```

Answer 30

frequency of interaction - more frequent = more secure nature of interaction important: synchrony, responsive to needs alignment betw your + their state easy children are more likely to have secure attachment how they were raised is how they raise their kids

Answer 31

Self- awareness: From birth - Aided by intermodal perception Self- recognition: emerges in 2nd year understanding we are unique, separate from environment infants have base understanding because they don’t turn to the touch of their own cheek recognition: knowing your exist, who you are - personality, beliefs, values recognize physical self - mirror paradigm

Answer 32

at about 18 months - notices link between mirror image and self after self recognition they can expand to recognition in photos, videos, changes in personality issue: mirrors are confusing, odd concept experiences flashlight: looking behind mirror instead of behind them