PSY2003 W9 Hormones and Sex (L)

Question 1

What are homones?

Answer 1

Essential for regulatin of development, physiology and behaviour. Produced by many organs of the body with receotrs similarly located in many place. Under some level of control by the brain, although it’s set with complex feedback architecture thus undermining a simple concept of control hierach

Question 2

What role does hormones have?

Answer 2

Hormones, alongside neurotransmitters, underpin signalling within brain-body systems that act to maintain a desired ‘set-point’ in terms of behaviour or physiology

Question 3

What are neurotransmitters (difference vs hormones)?

Answer 3

Fast acting, over short distance, restricted to nerve pathwasy, relatively short duration, digital actio nvis neuronal signalant, tends to have mor targeted actions

Question 4

What are hormones ? (difference vs neurotransmitters)?

Answer 4

Slow acting, over long distance, travels anywhere via circulatory syystem, relatively long duration of action, analogue action, tends to have more diffuse actions

Question 5

What do hormones do that neurotransmitters can’t do?

Answer 5

They access part of us that neurotransmitters cannot reach, but offer qualitatiely different mechanism of signalling that may complement that orchestrated by the CNS/PNS

Question 6

What is the endocrine system

Answer 6

Works constantly to regulate everything by infleuncing cells, relays on interaction between three features; glades, hormones and cells receptors

Question 7

Where are hormon producing glades?

Answer 7

3 in brain, 7 in body each is surrounded by network of blood vessel

Question 8

What do hormones producing glades do ?

Answer 8

extract ingredients to pump out hormones, usually into blood stream. Those hormones need to target a set of receptor cells, the receptors recognise specific hormones and bind to them, hormone-receptor combination triggers a rang of effects (negative/positive).

Question 9

Hypothalmaus role ?

Answer 9

Hypothalamus can see current state of body and current context of organism (which for humans may be cognitive in nature), and can make adjustments to physiology and behaviour via several routes (including hormones).

Question 10

What do hormones do ?

Answer 10

Regulate physiology across the whole body in accordance with motivational states such as: arousal, aggression, hunger, fear, fatigue. Regulates many processes - digestion, metabolism, respiration, tissue function, sensory perception, sleep ect. common features, feedfoward adn feedback signalling

Question 11

What is cholecystokinin ?*

Answer 11

produced in response to food, when brain receives that hormone, it diminished the reward sensation that comes with eating food. It also slows down the movement of food, to allow the brain to recognise the fullness.

Question 12

What is chromosomal sex ?

Answer 12

Fixed, most humans have 23 pairs, 23rd pair is a sex chromonomes, historically been considered to define phenotypic sex and even gender but this can should be question

Question 13

What is phenotypic sex?

Answer 13

Modifiable, refers to internal and external genitalia, secondary sex characteristic, XX genotype - ovaries, oviducts, uterus, ervix, clitoris, labia, vagina. XY genotype - testicles, epididymis, vas deferes, seminal vesicles, penis, scrotum ect.

Question 14

What is gender?

Answer 14

Constructed, an individuals subjective perception fo their sex, can be considered as emerging from self-appraisal in the context of social or culutral norms, genetic and bio contributions to ender identity are complex but probably important too

Question 15

What is turner syndrome [XO]?

Answer 15

missing X chromosome, affects females, tend to be shorter in height, impaired ovary function, ovaries produce two sex hormones, reduce levels of these lead to under development of secondary sex characteristic, infertility or reduced fertility, treatment: oestrogen and progesterone

Question 16

What is Klinefelter’s sundrome [XXY]?

Answer 16

extra X chromosome, affects males, tend to be taller have impaired testicular function, produe the sex hormones sex terstrone, reduce levels of thise lead to under dev of secondary sex charcterisitics, infertility or reduce fertility, treatment testoerone

Question 17

What is XYY Syndrome?

Answer 17

Extra Y chromosome, afect males, usualy taller, risk of learning and sppech development problems but symotoms usually mild and overall IQ often normal range, acne, many people with XYY are never idagnosed, normal fertility supported learning (treatment)

Question 18

What happens when you have XX chromosomes?

Answer 18

Important for full development fo female biological sex characterisitcs, if one is missing there is undevelopemnt of these aspects

Question 19

What happens when you have both X and Y chromosomes?

Answer 19

X and Y chromosome must be rpesent for full male development biological sex charactersit

Question 20

What happens with only Y chromosome?

Answer 20

not possible

Question 21

How many genes X crhomosome contrains?

Answer 21

around 1500

Question 22

How many genes Y chromosomes contain?

Answer 22

around 80

Question 23

What are SRY genes

Answer 23

SRY gene is generally thought to be important for the ‘diversion’ toward male biological development in utero – when the fetus is around 6-8 weeks old

Question 24

What do men have nipples?

Answer 24

made before the SRY gene activates, evolutionary baggage, no strong pressure to drop them from the main body plan as part of additional Y chrosome instruction

Question 25

Chromosomal testign to determine male and female? - 1992

Answer 25

International Olympic Committee implemented testing for presence of SRY gene in order to determine whether athletes were male or female. Athletes with an SRY gene were not permitted to compete as females, - later 8 self declared female atheles who had been shown to have SRY gene had an insensitivity to androgen (testosterone) those phenotypically female and had no advantage

Question 26

What has changed with ollympic sex testing ?

Answer 26

This chromosomal screening was eliminated in 2000 and replaced with hormone based testing

Question 27

Who gives rise to primary internal and external genitalia (phenotypic sex)?

Answer 27

chromosomal sex

Question 28

What is the hsitorical view on brain and phenotypic sex?

Answer 28

The historical view (<1990s) is that sex hormones lead to differentiation of male and female brains, in similar ways as they do for primary and secondary sex characteristics

Question 29

What is gender?

Answer 29

constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time

Question 30

Is there a neurobiological basis for gender?

Answer 30

Not if it is socially constructed but neuroscients can forcus on behaviour

Question 31

What is a difference between a female and male brain?

Answer 31

male and female brains are different sizes, on average, with male brains weighing about 10% more than female brains

Question 32

Are there other differenecs in brain structure ro functin ?

Answer 32

yes but what they are, which are imrpotant and how they come about is very uncertain

Question 33

What is the human brain mosiac?

Answer 33

rows are individuals, columns are gray matter volume of a speicifc region, not a male vs female brain type, variation across individuals within a gender category is much greater than that betweeen categoris, some features tended to be more male or female but eahc individual had a combinati nfo these features typical of both male adn female tendences, male brains were not mroe variable than female brains

Question 34

What are some areas that area difference between male and female brains ?

Answer 34

size, white and grey matter, other spceifc strucutres