PSY2003 W3 Reading Flashcards
What faciliates motor recovery?
BCI-enabled technology can facilitate motor recovery, thus providing a novel and powerful tool for motor rehabilitation after stroke or SCI. B/NEs that allow for performing ADLs may increase and sustain motivation, and consequently improve therapeutic efficacy
What is a new treatment strategies for neuroehabilitation after stroke or spinal cord injury?
B/NEs, enable the execution of movements despite impaired motor function. B/NEs can trigger motor recovery even in chronic paralysis. Although B/NEs are now technically ready for broader clinical use, their promotion will critically depend on early adopters.
What enables voliitional and intuitive control of computers or machines?
By translating brain activity into control signals of external devices they enable volitional and intuitive control of computers or machines
How can BCI technology be used ?
BCI technology can be also used to drive electric stimulators, for example, activating peripheral muscles in the form of functional electric stimulation (FES). It was shown that individuals suffering from severe muscle paralysis can use BCI technology across various scenarios, for example, to control a robotic arm
What are some limitations?
Despite efforts to reduce tissue damage, surgical risks have to be carefully balanced with the anticipated individual benefit of implantation. Besides the risk of infections and bleedings, any repair or removal of implantable devices requires additional surgery. Also, in intracortical chronic implantations foreign body response may result in glial scar formation and neuronal loss that can impact stability and reliability of BCI decoding over time.
What do non-invasive BCIs allow?
electroencephalography (EEG) or near-infrared spectros
copy, allow for brain activity recordings in a risk-free and more accessible manner. This makes particularly EEG
based BCIs most promising for broader clinical application, despite their limited capacity to decode, for example, different grasp types, from electrical brain signals.
Why are BCI have not yet arrived in clinical routine care of severe paralysis following stroke or SCI?
Accuracy and reliability of non-invasive BCI systems, typically ranging between 65% and 80%, were too low for assistive use.
The effect size (eg, standardized mean difference, SMD) of BCI training applied over several weeks on motor recovery was not sufficiently high and inconsistent across studies and interindividual motor recovery was too variable to justify costs and efforts of daily BCI training.
In this context, it is important to note that available diagnostic instruments to assess functional improvements after BCI training are optimized for sensitivity in moderate to mild paralysis (eg, FMA) and cannot adequately assess the effectiveness and effect size in patient groups with minimal residual hand function
What feedback is dependable for the efficacy of BCIs?
efficacy of BCIs depended on the type of sensory feedback: somatosensory and proprioceptive feedback, for example, administered via a robotic orthosis, was found to be superior in facilitating neural reorganization in the brain when compared to visual presentation of hand movements only
What is required for successful implementation of B/NEs?
Successful implementation of B/NEs requires accurate and reliable classification of brain/neural signals. In other words, the intention of users to move or not to move needs to be accurately decoded from their brain/neural activity and converted into a control command for the exoskeleton.
What are wireless and portable EEG systems?
For many decades, EEG was mainly used as a diagnostic
tool in neurology and psychiatry. Driven by miniaturization and advances in wireless technology, portable EEG-amplifiers were developed that allow now for mobile recordings outside the laboratory.
What happened to reduce preparation time?
To reduce preparation time, dry electrodes that typically use metallic spike arrays dnd solid gel electrodes were introduced that do not require gels or fluids. However, these electrodes require direct contact with the scalp and often come with lower signal quality.
What was the reduction of necessary electrodes?
Another important advancement to increase robustness of B/NE applications was the reduction of necessary electrodes. By implementing a novel EEG/EOG control strategy that uses only scalp electrodes placed near cortical sensorimotor areas, for example, integrated into a headset, applicability and practicality of non-invasive brain/neural recordings could be substantially improved
What is missing to translate B/NE into routine clinical care?
In April 2021, the FDA authorized marketing of the first
brain-controlled hand exoskeleton for neurorehabilitation.
This device is the first medical product envisioned for BCI-enabled hand rehabilitation of stroke survivors and represents the first tangible attempt to move B/NEs into rehabilitative care. The product comprises both the hardware and software that is necessary for BCI enabled hand motor training.
What was the conclusion?
BCI-enabled technology can facilitate motor recovery, thus providing a novel and powerful tool for motor rehabilitation after stroke or SCI. B/NEs that allow for performing ADLs may increase and sustain motivation, and consequently improve therapeutic efficacy.
