PSTMLS LESSON 2 Flashcards
Characterization of Humanism
Humanism is characterized by the following tenets (Madsen & Wilson, 2012; Sharp, 2012)
1.Students are whole people, and learning must attend to their emotional as well as their cognitive state.
2.Teachers should be empathetic.
3.Learners are self-directed and internally motivated.
4.The outcome of learning is self-actualization.
Explain Watson’s side
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”
(John Broadus Watson, 1930)
Cognitivism
▰Jean Piaget was one of the first to identify that the way that children think is different from the way adults think.
▰He proposed that intelligence grows and develops through a series of stages.
▰He concluded that children were not less intelligent than adults – they simply think differently.
▰Albert Einstein called Piaget’s discovery, “so simple only a genius could have thought of it.”
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (Birth to 2 Years)
Know the world through movements and sensations
Learn about the world through basic actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening
Learn that things continue to exist even when they cannot be seen (object permanence)
Realize that they are separate beings from the people and objects around them
Realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (2 to 7 Years)
Begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects
Tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others
Getting better with language and thinking, but still tend to think in very concrete terms
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE (7 to 11 Years)
Begin to think logically about concrete events
Begin to understand the concept of conservation; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass
Thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concrete
Begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle
FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE (Age 12 and Up)
Begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems
Begins to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning
Begins to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information
What is a LEARNING THEORY?
it is a coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn
it is an attempt to describe how people and animals learn, thereby helping us understand the inherently complex process of learning.
the first formal research on learning was conducted by psychologists during the 1800s
Ex. Plato and Descartes
Explain B.F. SKINNER’s side
Operant Conditioning
The use of reward and punishment
Specific consequences are associated with a voluntary behavior
Rewards introduced to increase a behavior
Punishment introduced to decrease a behavior
What is CONSTRUCTIVISM?
*Constructivist Learning Theory (CLT)
*students learn new information by building upon (constructing) knowledge they’ve already gained
*Prior experiences and knowledge
*Association anchor, engagement hooks
1.Cognitive constructivism – Jean Piaget
2.Social constructivism – Lev Vygotsky; social learning is an integral part of cognitive development and it is culture, not developmental stage that underlies cognitive development
What is Humanism?
*Is a learner-centric approach to education
*Places a heavier emphasis on the learners than the methods of learning or the materials being taught
*Emphasis placed on choice and autonomy
*Built on the premise that humans are fundamentally good and will act appropriately if their basic needs are met
*Growth mindset
*Prioritizes meeting the unique emotional and academic needs of each learner so that they are empowered to take greater control over their own education
*Key Figures - Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Maria Montessori, James Bugental
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
▰Howard Gardner
▰proposes that people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have
▰introduced 8 different types of intelligences
1.Linguistic
2.Logical/Mathematical
3.Spatial
4.Bodily-Kinesthetic
5.Musical
6.Interpersonal
7.Intrapersonal
8.Naturalist
What is CONNECTIVISM?
▰New theory
▰Developed and based upon the idea that people process information by forming connections
▰This includes connections with each other and connections between their increasing number of roles, obligations, hobbies, and other aspects of life.
▰Has developed with the digital and technology age
▰Makes effective use of technology
▰Suggests that people no longer stop learning after formal education and continue to gain knowledge from other avenues such as job skills, networking, experience and access to information with new tools in technology
What is COGNITIVISM?
▰Whereas behaviorists focus on the external environment and observable behavior, cognitive psychologists are interested in mental processes
▰Focuses on explaining the development of cognitive structures, process, and representations that mediate between instruction and learning.
▰Behavior and learning entail more than just response to environmental stimuli and require rational thought and active participation in the learning process
▰Bode (1929) criticized behaviorists for being too dependent on overt behavior to explain learning.
▰Two key assumptions:
1.That the memory system is an active organized processor of information
2.That prior knowledge plays an important role in learning
Explain PAVLOV’s side
Classical Conditioning
Stimulus and Response
“salivating dog experiment”
Classical Conditioning to condition an emotional response
The Little Albert Experiment
- 9 month Albert exposed to stimuli and observed
- white rat paired with loud noise
- Albert conditioned to fear white rat
What is BEHAVIORISM (Thorndike, Pavlov, Skinner, Watson)?
Learning consists of a change in behavior due to the acquisition, reinforcement and application of associations between stimuli from the environment and observable responses of the individual
S-R model of learning
the learner is a blank slate (tabula rasa) that should be provided with the information to be learnt
What is SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY?
▰Albert Bandura
▰people learn within a social context, and that learning is facilitated through concepts such as modelling, observational learning, and imitation
▰agrees with the behaviorists learning theories of classical and operant conditioning; however, Bandura adds 2 important ideas:
1.mediating processes occur between stimuli and responses
2.behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning
▰In his book Social Learning Theory (1977), “most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions, this coded information serves as a guide for action.”
Explain THORNDIKE’s side
Laws of Learning
Law of readiness
Law of exercise
Law of effect
Readiness
▰The basic needs of the learner need to be satisfied before he or she is ready or capable of learning.
▰the individual should want to learn the task being presented and possesses the requisite knowledge and skill.
▰Learners best acquire new knowledge when they see a clear reason for doing so
▰“teachable moment” - a moment of educational opportunity when a person is particularly responsive to being taught something
Effect
▰behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated whereas behaviors that lead to undesired outcomes are less likely to recur
▰The learner needs to have success in order to have more success in the future
▰Positive training experiences are more apt to lead to success and motivate the learner, while negative training experiences might stimulate forgetfulness or avoidance
Exercise
▰Connections are strengthened with practice and weakened when practice is discontinued
▰“use it or lose it”
▰the learner needs to practice what has been taught in order to understand and remember the learning.
CONSTRUCTIVISM
2 Important Concepts
(Vygotsky)
▰More knowledgeable other – anyone with an understanding or ability level higher than the learner (teacher, adult, peer)
▰Zone of proximal development (ZPD) – the range of knowledge or ability that a person can display with the help of the more knowledgeable other, but that they are not yet capable of performing independently
- what needs to be done to take the learner where he needs to be
▰Zone of Achieved Development (ZAD) - where the learner is right now
