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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE > Chem Lec FINALS > Flashcards

Chem Lec FINALS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Organic Chemistry

A
  • Compounds of Carbons
  • All organic compounds containing Carbon, nearly always bonded to another Carbon and Hydrogen and often other elements
  • Bonding is almost entirely covalent.
  • Many are gases, liquids, or solids with low melting points (less than 360 degrees)
  • Most are insoluble in water.
  • Most are soluble in organic solvents such as Diethyl ether, toluene and dichloromethane.
  • Aqueous solutions do not conduct electricity.
  • Almost all burn and decompose.
  • Reactions are usually slow.
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1
Q

What is Inorganic Chemistry?

A
  • Most have ionic bonds
  • Most are solids with high melting points.
  • Many are soluble in water.
  • Almost all are insoluble in organic solvents.
  • Aqueous solutions form ions that conduct electricity.
  • Very few burn.
  • Reactions are often very fast.
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2
Q

What are the applications of Organic Chemistry?

A
  • DNA
  • Steel production
  • Body Fluids such as Hormones, Nutrients, Metabolites, etc.
  • artificial fruit essences
  • Nylon
  • Polymer
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3
Q

What is the specific nature of Carbon?

A
  • Electronic configuration, electronegativity and covalent bonding.
  • Catenation
  • Molecular Stability (atomic size and bond strength)
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4
Q

What are Functional Groups?

A
  • An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical behaviors.
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5
Q

What are the six common functional groups?

A

(in no particular order)
1. Alcohol
2. Amine
3. Aldehyde
4. Ketone
5. Carboxylic acid
6. Ester

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6
Q

Alcohol

A

-OH, CH3CH2OH = Ethanol

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7
Q

Amine

A

-RNH2, CH3CH2NH2 = Ethanamine

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8
Q

Aldehyde

A

-RCHO, CH3CHO = Ethanal

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9
Q

Ketone

A

-RCOR, CH3COCH3 = Acetone

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10
Q

Carboxylic Acid

A
  • RCOOH, CH3COOOH = Acetic Acid
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11
Q

Ester

A
  • RCOOR, CH3COOCH2CH3 = Ethyl Acetate
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12
Q

What are Hydrocarbons and its examples?

A
  • Compounds with Hydrogen and Carbon atoms.
    1. Alkanes
    2. Alkenes
    3. Alkynes
    4. Cyclic Hydrocarbons
    5. Arenes
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13
Q

What is a Carbonyl group and its examples?

A
  • Compounds with Carbon bonded with Oxygen
    1. Aldehydes
    2. Ketones
    3. Carboxylic Acid
    4. Acid Derivatives
    i. Ester
    ii. Amides
    iii. Anyhydrides
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14
Q

What are the functional groups that are singly bonded to other elements?

A

a. Alcohols
b. Ethers
c. Thiols
d. Amines

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15
Q

To summarize, what are functional groups?

A
  • Sites of predictable chemical behaviour - a particular functional group, in whatever compound it is found, undergoes the same type of chemical reaction.
  • Determine in large measure the physical properties of a compound like polarity, BP, MP, Solubility, Volatility.
  • Serve as the units by which we classify organic compounds into families.
  • Serve as a basis for naming organic compounds.
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16
Q

What are Alkanes ?

A

Hydrocarbons with only single bond; also called saturated hydrocarbons; sp3 hybridized.

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17
Q

What are Alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons with only double bond, also called unsaturated hydrocarbons; sp2 hybridized.

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18
Q

What are Alkynes?

A

HC with only triple bond; also called unsaturated hydrocarbons; sp hydbirdized

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19
Q

What are Arenes?

A

HC containing aromatic rings; sp2 hybridized

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20
Q

What is Alcohol?

A

the functional group of an alcohol is an -OH and ends with -ol (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom (a carbon having bonds to four atoms).

21
Q

What are Amines?

A

the functional group is an amino group(-NH)—a nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms. Ends with “amine”

22
Q

What are Aldehydes?

A

the functional group is a carbonyl group -CHO or -CH=O bonded to H. Ends with -al.

the -CHO bond is always found at the end of the chain or terminal

23
Q

What are Ketones?

A

the functional group is a carbonyl group R-C=OR’ bonded to two carbons. Ends with “one”

the RC=OR’’ can be found anywhere in the chain

24
Q

What is a Carboxylic acid?

A

the functional group is a carboxyl group R-C=OOH or RCOOH (Carbonyl group + hydroxyl group). Ends with “-ic and -oic acid”

*the RCOOH’’ is always found at the end of the chain or terminal

25
Q

What is a Carboxylic Ester?

A

derivative of carboxylic acid along with amides and anhydrides
*the functional group is a carboxyl group R-C=OOR’ or RCOOR’
*the H of the carboxyl group is replaced by a C group
*ends with -oate

26
Q

Polarity and Solubility and Boiling Point :

A

The greater the EN difference between atoms in a bond, the more polar the bond.

27
Q

What is the Polarity Ranking of the Functional Groups where the most polar comes first?

A

Amide>Acid>Alcohol>Ketone~Aldehyde>Amine>Ester>Ether>Alkane

28
Q

What is the trend about forces?

A

Stronger forces = higher boiling points (all else being equal)

29
Q

What is the trend in Size?

A

Increasing # of carbons = increasing boiling point (among molecules with identical functional groups)

30
Q

What is the trend for Surface Area?

A

Increasing surface area = increasing boiling point

31
Q

What are Isomers?

A

compounds or molecules that contains the same number of atoms of the same elements but differ in structural arrangement and properties.

32
Q

What are Constitutional Isomers?

A

isomers of the same formula but differs only on the connectivity of the substituents

33
Q

Stereo Isomers

A

isomers wherein the substituents are connected on the same atom, mostly carbon but has different spatial arrangement

34
Q

What does IUPAC stands for?

A

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry?

35
Q

What are the IUPAC System rules for naming Alkanes?

A
  1. The name for an alkane with an unbranched chain of carbon atoms consists of a prefix showing the number of carbon atoms in the parent chain and the suffix -ane
  2. For branched-chain alkanes, take the longest chain of carbon atoms as the parent chain and its name becomes the root name.
  3. Give each substituent on the parent chain a name and a number. The
    number shows the carbon atom of the parent chain to which the substituent is bonded. Use a hyphen to connect the number to the name.
  4. If there is one substituent, number the parent chain from the end that gives the substituent the lower number.
  5. If the same substituent occurs more than once, number the parent chain from the end that gives the lower number to the substituent encountered first. Indicate the number of times the substituent occurs by a prefix di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and so on. Use a comma to separate position numbers.
  6. If there are two or more different substituents, list them in alphabetical order and number the chain from the end that gives the lower number to the substituent encountered first. If there are different substituents in equivalent positions on opposite ends of the parent chain, give the substituent of lower alphabetical order the lower number.
  7. Do not include the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, and so on or the hyphenated prefixes sec- and tert- in alphabetizing. Alphabetize the names of substituents first, and then insert these prefixes. In the following example, the alphabetizing parts are ethyl and methyl, not ethyl and dimethyl.
36
Q

How to name Cyclic Hydrocarbons such as Cykloalkene?

A

Number the carbon atoms of the ring double bond 1 and 2 in the direction that gives the substituent encountered first the lower number.

37
Q

How to name Hydrocarbons with multiple functional groups?

A

DIENE, TRIENE, POLYENE
- Number the carbon atoms of the ring double bond 1 and 2 in the direction that gives the substituent encountered first the lower number.

38
Q

What happens when double bond and triple bond are on the same molecule?

A

Alkenes and alkynes are considered to have equal priority

In a molecule with both double and triple bond, whichever is closer to the end of the chain determines the direction of numbering.

In case where each would have the same position number, the double bond takes the lower number.

In the name, “ene”, comes first before “yne” because of alphabetization.

39
Q

How to name Aromatic/ Arene Hydrocarbons with one substituent?

A

monosubstituted alkylbenzenes are named as derivatives of benzene—for example, ethylbenzene. The IUPAC system retains certain common names for several of the simpler monosubstituted alkylbenzenes, including toluene and styrene.

40
Q

How to name Aromatic/ Arene Hydrocarbons with two substituents?

A

When two substituents occur on a benzene ring, three isomers are possible. We locate the substituents either by numbering the atoms of the ring or by using the locators ortho (o), meta (m), and para (p). The numbers 1,2- are equivalent to ortho (Greek: straight); 1,3- to meta (Greek: after); and 1,4- to para (Greek: beyond).

When one of the two substituents on the ring imparts a special name to the compound (for example, -CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -COOH), we name the compound as a derivative of that parent molecule and assume that the substituent occupies ring position number 1. The IUPAC system retains the common name xylene for the three isomeric dimethylbenzenes. Where neither substituent imparts a special name, we locate the two substituents and list them in alphabetical order before the ending “benzene” (4th example). The carbon of the benzene ring with the substituent of lower alphabetical ranking is numbered C-1.

41
Q

How to name Aromatic/ Arene Hydrocarbons with three substituents?

A

Three Substituents- no ortho, meta, para locators needed.

-if one of the substituents imparts a special name, then name the molecules as a derivative of that parent molecule.
-if none of the substituents imparts a special name, then locate the substituents, # them to give the smallest set of #s, and list them in alphabetical order before ending in “benzene”

42
Q

How to name the hydroxyl group (-OH)?

A
  1. Select the longest carbon chain that contains the -OH group as the parent alkane and number it from the end that gives -OH the lower number. In numbering the parent chain, the location of the -OH group takes precedence over alkyl groups, aryl groups, and halogens.
  2. Change the ending of the parent alkane from -e to -ol and use a number to show the location of the -OH group. For cyclic alcohols, numbering begins at the carbon bearing the -OH group; this carbon is automatically carbon 1.
  3. Name and number substituents, and list them in alphabetical order.
43
Q

How to name Ethers?

A

Common names are derived by listing the alkyl groups bonded to oxygen in alphabetical order and adding the word ether. Alternatively, one of the groups on oxygen is named as an alkoxy group. The -OCH3 group, for example, is named “methoxy” to indicate a methyl group bonded to oxygen.

44
Q

How to name Amines?

A

-IUPAC names for aliphatic amines are derived just as they are for alcohols.
-The final -e of the parent alkane is dropped and replaced by -amine. Indicate the location of the amino group on the parent chain by a number.

IUPAC nomenclature retains the common name aniline for C6H5NH2, the simplest aromatic amine. Its simple derivatives are named using numbers to locate substituents or, alternatively, using the locators ortho (o), meta (m), and para (p).

45
Q

How to name Aldehydes and Ketones?

A

-The IUPAC names for aldehydes and ketones follow the familiar pattern of selecting as the parent alkane the longest chain of carbon atoms that contains the functional group
-To name an aldehyde, we change the suffix -e of the parent alkane to -al. Because the carbonyl group of an aldehyde can appear only at the end of a parent chain and numbering must start with it as carbon 1, there is no need to use a number to locate the aldehyde group.

For unsaturated aldehydes, we show the presence of the C=C and the aldehyde by changing the ending of the parent alkane from -ane to -enal: “-en-” to show the C=C, and “-al” to show the aldehyde.

In the IUPAC system, we name ketones by selecting as the parent alkane the longest chain that contains the carbonyl group and then indicating the presence of this group by changing the -e of the parent alkane to -one. The parent chain is numbered from the direction that gives the smaller number to the carbonyl carbon. While the systematic name of the simplest ketone is 2-propanone, the IUPAC retains its common name, acetone.

In naming aldehydes or ketones that also contain an -OH or -NH2 group elsewhere in the molecule, the parent chain is numbered to give the carbonyl group the lower number. An -OH substituent is indicated by hydroxy, and an -NH2 substituent is indicated by amino-. Hydroxy and amino substituents are numbered and alphabetized along with any other substituents that might be present.

46
Q

How to name Carboxylic Acids?

A

We derive the IUPAC name of an acyclic carboxylic acid from the name of the longest carbon chain that contains the carboxyl group. Drop the final -e from the name of the parent alkane and replace it by -oic acid. Number the chain beginning with the carbon of the carboxyl group. Because the carboxyl carbon is understood to be carbon 1, there is no need to give it a number.

When a carboxylic acid also contains an -OH (hydroxyl) group, we indicate its presence by adding the prefix hydroxy-. When it contains a primary (1°) amine, we indicate the presence of the -NH2 group by amino-.

To name dicarboxylic acids, we add the suffix -dioic acid to the name of the parent alkane that contains both carboxyl groups. The numbers of the carboxyl carbons are not indicated because they can be only at the ends of the parent chain.

47
Q

How to name Acid Derivatives?

A

The functional group of an anhydride consists of two carbonyl groups bonded to an oxygen atom. The anhydride may be symmetrical (from two identical acyl groups) or mixed (from two different acyl groups). To name anhydrides, we drop the word acid from the name of the carboxylic acid from which the anhydride is derived and add the word anhydride.

The functional group of an ester is a carbonyl group bonded to an -OR group. The alkyl group bonded to oxygen is named first, followed by the name of the acid in which the suffix -ic acid is replaced by the suffix -ate.

The functional group of an amide is a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom. We name amides by dropping the suffix -oic acid from the IUPAC name of the parent acid, or -ic acid from its common name, and add -amide. If the nitrogen atom of the amide is bonded to an alkyl or aryl group, the group is named and its location on nitrogen is indicated by N-. Two alkyl groups are indicated by N,N-di-.

48
Q

What are the classes of Organic Reactions?

A

Addition, Elimination and Substitution Reaction

49
Q

What is Addition Reaction?

A

occurs when an unsaturated reactant becomes a saturated product.

50
Q

What is Elimination Reaction?

A

occurs when a saturated reactant becomes unsaturated product

51
Q

What is Substitution Reaction?

A

occurs when an atom (or group) from an added reagent substitutes for one in the organic reactant.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (15 decks)

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