Chem Lec FINALS Flashcards
What is Organic Chemistry
- Compounds of Carbons
- All organic compounds containing Carbon, nearly always bonded to another Carbon and Hydrogen and often other elements
- Bonding is almost entirely covalent.
- Many are gases, liquids, or solids with low melting points (less than 360 degrees)
- Most are insoluble in water.
- Most are soluble in organic solvents such as Diethyl ether, toluene and dichloromethane.
- Aqueous solutions do not conduct electricity.
- Almost all burn and decompose.
- Reactions are usually slow.
What is Inorganic Chemistry?
- Most have ionic bonds
- Most are solids with high melting points.
- Many are soluble in water.
- Almost all are insoluble in organic solvents.
- Aqueous solutions form ions that conduct electricity.
- Very few burn.
- Reactions are often very fast.
What are the applications of Organic Chemistry?
- DNA
- Steel production
- Body Fluids such as Hormones, Nutrients, Metabolites, etc.
- artificial fruit essences
- Nylon
- Polymer
What is the specific nature of Carbon?
- Electronic configuration, electronegativity and covalent bonding.
- Catenation
- Molecular Stability (atomic size and bond strength)
What are Functional Groups?
- An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical behaviors.
What are the six common functional groups?
(in no particular order)
1. Alcohol
2. Amine
3. Aldehyde
4. Ketone
5. Carboxylic acid
6. Ester
Alcohol
-OH, CH3CH2OH = Ethanol
Amine
-RNH2, CH3CH2NH2 = Ethanamine
Aldehyde
-RCHO, CH3CHO = Ethanal
Ketone
-RCOR, CH3COCH3 = Acetone
Carboxylic Acid
- RCOOH, CH3COOOH = Acetic Acid
Ester
- RCOOR, CH3COOCH2CH3 = Ethyl Acetate
What are Hydrocarbons and its examples?
- Compounds with Hydrogen and Carbon atoms.
1. Alkanes
2. Alkenes
3. Alkynes
4. Cyclic Hydrocarbons
5. Arenes
What is a Carbonyl group and its examples?
- Compounds with Carbon bonded with Oxygen
1. Aldehydes
2. Ketones
3. Carboxylic Acid
4. Acid Derivatives
i. Ester
ii. Amides
iii. Anyhydrides
What are the functional groups that are singly bonded to other elements?
a. Alcohols
b. Ethers
c. Thiols
d. Amines
To summarize, what are functional groups?
- Sites of predictable chemical behaviour - a particular functional group, in whatever compound it is found, undergoes the same type of chemical reaction.
- Determine in large measure the physical properties of a compound like polarity, BP, MP, Solubility, Volatility.
- Serve as the units by which we classify organic compounds into families.
- Serve as a basis for naming organic compounds.
What are Alkanes ?
Hydrocarbons with only single bond; also called saturated hydrocarbons; sp3 hybridized.
What are Alkenes?
Hydrocarbons with only double bond, also called unsaturated hydrocarbons; sp2 hybridized.
What are Alkynes?
HC with only triple bond; also called unsaturated hydrocarbons; sp hydbirdized
What are Arenes?
HC containing aromatic rings; sp2 hybridized