ANAPHY LEC Flashcards

Question

How does the reabsorption of Sodium and water works?

Answer 1

The sodium potassium pump reabsorbs 70% of sodium ions in the PCT. The positive sodium ions attract negative ions across the membrane as well Water reabsorption occurs passively across the membrane to areas of high solute concentration Therefore, more sodium reabsorption = more water reabsorption Active transport of sodium ions occurs along remainder of nephron and collecting duct Almost all sodium ions and water are reabsorbed.

Answer 2

Nitrogenous waste products Urea – formed by liver; end product of protein breakdown when amino acids are used to produce energy Uric acid – released when nucleic acids are metabolized Creatinine – associated with creatine metabolism in muscle tissue Excess water

Answer 3

Some materials move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules to be eliminated in urine. E.g.: Hydrogen ions; potassium ions Creatinine Drugs; penicillin; histamine Process is important for getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate or for controlling pH. Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter

Answer 4

Glomerular filtration of materials from blood plasma Reabsorption of substances, including glucose; water, sodium Secretion of substances, including penicillin, histamine, hydrogen and potassium ions

Answer 5

Infant - 70% Adult Male - 60% Adult Female - 50% Senior Citizen - 50% Water is necessary for many body functions and levels must be maintained.

Answer 6

Changes in electrolyte balance causes water to move from one compartment to another Alters blood volume and blood pressure (think of aldosterone) Can impair the activity of cells (swelling/edema) Water intake must equal water output Sources for water intake/output: Intake: Ingested foods and fluids, Water produced from metabolic processes (glycolysis) Output: Vaporization out of the lungs, Lost in perspiration, Leaves the body in the feces, Urine production

Answer 7

Diluted urine is produced if water intake is excessive Less urine (concentrated) is produced if large amounts of water are lost Proper concentrations of various electrolytes must be present

Answer 8

Regulation is primarily by hormones

Answer 9

prevents excessive water loss in urine Neurons in the hypothalamus produce ADH, which are released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to a decrease in blood volume or water concentration ADH increases the water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule epithelium to the peritubular capillaries Decreases volume of urine, increasing concentration of solutes Negative feedback control

Answer 10

regulates sodium ion content of extracellular fluid Triggered by the renin-angiotensin mechanism Stimulates the DCT to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium

Answer 11

Blood pH must remain between 7.35 and 7.45 to maintain homeostasis Alkalosis – pH above 7.45 Acidosis – pH below 7.35 Most acid-base balance is maintained by the kidneys Excrete bicarbonate ions if needed Conserve / generate new bicarbonate ions if needed Excrete hydrogen ions if needed Conserve / generate new hydrogen ions if needed

Answer 12

Composition differs considerably based upon diet, metabolic activity, urine output. ~95% water, contains urea and uric acid, electrolytes and amino acids (trace amount) Volume produced ranges from 0.6-2.5 liters per day (1.8L average). Depends on fluid intake, body and ambient air temperature, humidity, respiratory rate, emotional state Output of 50-60ml per hour normal, less than 30ml per hour may indicate kidney failure

Answer 13

Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder 10-12” long & ¼” diameter Superior end is continuous with the renal pelvis of the kidney Mucosal lining is continuous with that lining the renal pelvis and the bladder below. Enter the posterior aspect of the bladder at a slight angle Runs behind the peritoneum Peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport from the kidneys to the bladder. Smooth muscle layers in the ureter walls contract to propel urine. There is a valve-like fold of bladder mucosa that flap over the ureter openings to prevent backflow. Renal calculi= calculus means little stone; result of precipitated uric acid salts created by bacterial infections, urinary retention, and alkaline urine. Lithotripsy or surgery are common treatments.

Answer 14

Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac Temporarily stores urine Located retroperitoneally in the pelvis posterior to the pubic symphysis. Trigone – three openings Two from the ureters (ureteral orifices) One to the urethra (internal urethral orifice) which drains the bladder. Common site for bacterial infections In males, prostate gland surrounds the neck of the bladder where it empties into the urethra.

Answer 15

Three layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle) Mucosa made of transitional epithelium Walls are thick and folded in an empty bladder 2-3” long Bladder can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure As it fills, the bladder rises superiorly in the abdominal cavity becoming firm and pear shaped. A moderately full bladder can hold ~500mL (1 pint) of urine. A full bladder can stretch to hold more than twice that amount.

Answer 16

Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) – a thickening of smooth muscle at the bladder-urethra jxn. keeps urethra closed when urine is not being passed. External urethral sphincter (voluntary) -- skeletal muscle that controls urine as the urethra passes through the pelvic floor.

Answer 17

Male: - Ureter - Smooth muscle - Ureteral Opening - Prostate Gland - Internal sphincter - External sphincter - Urethra Female: - Ureter - Smooth muscle - Ureteral opening - Internal sphincter - External sphincter - Urethra Length Females – 3–4 cm (1-1.5 inches) Males – 20 cm (7-8 inches) Location Females – along wall of the vagina Males – through the prostate and penis Function Females – only carries urine Males – carries urine and is a passageway for sperm cells Males: Prostatic, membranous and spongy (penile) urethrae Enlargement of the prostate gland causes urinary retention can be corrected with a catheter Females: Feces can enter urethral opening causing Uretritis-inflammation of the urethra Pyelitis or pyelonephritis-inflammation of the kidneys Urinary tract infections-bacterial infection Dysuria Urgency Frequency Fever Cloudy urine Bloody urine

Answer 18

Both sphincter muscles must open to allow voiding The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed after stretching of the bladder ~200mL Activation is from an impulse sent to the spinal cord and then back via the pelvic nerves The external urethral sphincter must be voluntarily relaxed Incontinence-inability to control micturition Retention-inability to micturate