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Biochem > PSIO 469 Exam 1 > Flashcards

PSIO 469 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In what phase does the number of sister chromatids double but the number of chromosome pairs remains the same?

A

S phase of interphase

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2
Q

What is the main event in the S phase of Interphase?

A

DNA Replication

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3
Q

One gametocytes undergo the S phase, what are they called?

A

Primary gametocyte. Ex: Primary spermatocyte/oocyte

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4
Q

Crossing over takes place in?

A

Prophase I of Meiosis I

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5
Q

In what phase of Meiosis I do the spindle apparatus begin to form leading to cross over taking place?

A

Prophase I

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6
Q

What is the result of crossing over in prophase I of Meiosis I?

A

Formation of Tetrad which are two new recombinant chromosomes

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7
Q

True or False. chromatids formed during crossing over are identical.

A

False- Each one of the chromatids are genetically unique, which means sister chromatids are no longer identical.

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8
Q

In what phase of Meiosis does this take place: Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochore of each chromosome pair and align the tetrads at the center.

A

Metaphase I

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9
Q

True or False. In Telophase I, spindle fibers pull on chromosome pairs.

A

FALSE- During Anaphase I, spindle fibers pull on chromosome pairs. They are separated to opposite poles.

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10
Q

In what phase of Meiosis I does the nuclear membrane begin to reform around two nuclei?

A

Telophase I

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11
Q

When the cytoplasm divides after Telophase I, the type of cell that we now have is called?

A

Two genetically different haploid cells.

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12
Q

In what phase of Meiosis II do the centrioles move to the opposite end of the spindle fibers?

A

Prophase II

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13
Q

In what phase of Meiosis II do the spindle fibers at each end pull on each chromatid separating the two sister chromatids (not identical)?

A

Anaphase II

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14
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm separate and we get 4 genetically different haploid cells. (Each with half the number of original chromosomes)

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15
Q

Meiosis generates genetic diversity by:

A

-Exchange of genetic material during crossing over of Prophase I.
-Random alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes in Anaphase I.
-Random alignment of the sister chromatids in Metaphase II.

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16
Q

G1, G2, and S are a part of:

A

Interphase

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17
Q

Karyokinesis:

A

Division of the nucleus

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18
Q

Cytokinesis:

A

Division of cytoplasm

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19
Q

what is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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20
Q

What happens in Mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells identical to the parent cell.

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21
Q

What happens in Meiosis?

A

Meiosis is the process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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22
Q

What is produced in the testes?

A

Sperm and testosterone

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23
Q

Where do testes reside in?

A

In the Scortum

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24
Q

Tetis is covered by a connective tissue capsule and is divided into 300 lobules by ____.

A

Fibrous Septa

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25
Q

Spermiation:

A

Mature spermatids are released from supporting somatic Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

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26
Q

Spermiogenesis:

A

Haploid spermatids complete a series of events and mature into motile spermatozoa.

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27
Q

Cryptochidism:

A

Failure of testes to descend during development

28
Q

Name of vesicle that is full of enzymes on a sperm structure

A

Acrosomal Vesicle

29
Q

Inside a sperm, where are the chromatins condensed?

A

In the nucleus

30
Q

What are the three accessory glands?

A

1.Seminal Vesicle 2.Prostate 3.Bulbourethral gland

31
Q

What does the seminal vessicle produce?

A

It produces fructose (main source of energy), Semenogelin (protein that causes clotting of ejaculate to form gel matrix), and prostoglandins (which cause muscle contraction in female repro)

32
Q

What does the prostate gland produce?

A

It produces PSA (prostate-specific antigen), and Buffers (alkaline pH promotes viability of sperm)

33
Q

What is the direction of blood flow through the penis?

A

Dorsal artery–circumflex artery–cavernous artery–helicine arteries–sinusoidal spaces–circumflex vein–dorsal vein

34
Q

what are the two skeletal muscles of the penis?

A

1.Bulbospongiosus muscle
2. Ischiocavernouses muscle

35
Q

What are the 4 stages of sexual response cycle?

A
  1. Excitement phase
    2.Plateau phase
    3.Orgasmic phase
    4.Resolution phase
36
Q

what leads to binding of myosin to actin?

A

Increase in cytosolic calcium

37
Q

What feature does smooth muscle myosin have?

A

Myosin has a regulatory light chain

38
Q

what phosphorylates the regulatory light chain of myosin?

A

Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)

39
Q

What activates myosin light chain kinase?

A

A calmodulin-Calcium complex

40
Q

What is the brand name of Vardenafil?

A

Levitra

41
Q

What is the generic name of Cialis?

A

Tadalafil

42
Q

What is the generic name of Viagra?

A

Sildenafil

43
Q

why is Cialis the “weekend pill”?

A

Because the half life is 17.5 hrs, meaning after 17.5 hours pass by after taking the pill, only half the concentration will have cleared from the body.

44
Q

Men taking PDE5 inhibitors should avoid taking __?

A

Nitrites which are another group of vasodilators (nitric oxide)

45
Q

What is priapism?

A

Rare condition causing persistent and often painful erection

46
Q

what are treatments for priapism?

A

phenylephrine injection (alpha 1 receptor agonist), or surgical drainage

47
Q

For patients unable to take oral PDE5 inhibitors, what is another alternative?

A

Alprostadil ( it works by another pathway than the one regulated by NO and cGMP)

48
Q

Alprostadil is a more stable, synthetic form of __?

A

Prostaglandin E1

49
Q

Alprostadil can be administered by:

A

-transurethral pellet
-Intra-Cavernous injection (this can cause scarring of tunica albuginea.

50
Q

what is the optic chiasm?

A

a region where nerve fibers from each eye cross to opposite half of the brain. a tumor in pituitary can push on optic chiasm and cause visual disturbances.

51
Q

Another name for the portal vessel is?

A

Hypothalamic hypophysial portal system

52
Q

Another name for anterior pituitary is?

A

Adenohypophysis

53
Q

Another name for the posterior pituitary is?

A

Neurohypophysis

54
Q

What is the primary function of tropic hormone?

A

regulate hormone secretion by another endocrine gland. Ex: LH regulates testis to make testosterone

55
Q

what is the primary function of non-tropic hormone?

A

Primary effect is on non-endocrine target tissue. Ex: testosterone acts on hair follicle to stimulate hair growth.

56
Q

What is the neuroendocrine reflex?

A

It is what regualtes the output of the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin released from PP, stimulates muscle contraction of cervix, this sends + neural stimulation to hypothalamus to release more oxytocin. This loop terminates with the delivery of the fetus.

57
Q

What hormone does the sertoli cells express?

A

FSH

58
Q

What does FSH stimulate

A

-Spermiation
-Mitosis spermatogonia
-Production of ABP (synthesize inhibin)

59
Q

What are the 4 functions of sertoli cells?

A

-express FSH receptor
-Maintain blood-testis barrier
-secrete fluid that nourish sperm and provides transport medium
-phagocytize abnormal sperm and excess cytoplasm.

60
Q

what are the three levels of sexual dimorphism?

A

-Gonadal
-phenotypic
-genetic

61
Q

fetal development of internal reproductive tract is directly affected by__?

A

Testosterone

62
Q

Fetal development of external genitalia and prostate requires what?

A

T to concert to DHT by 5alpha-reductase

63
Q

If SRY is present it means:

A

Gonad should form into testes.

64
Q

SRY gene production contributes to:

A

-differentiation of gonads into testes
-production of anti-mullerian hormone by sertoli cells
-production of testosterone by leydig cells

65
Q

What is first-pass effect?

A

concentration of orally administered pill is greatly reduced (inactivated) before it reaches systemic circulation

66
Q

what are the 4 potential systems involved in first-pass metabolism?

A

1.Gut wall enzymes
2.GI lumen enzymes
3.Bacterial enzymes
4.Hepatic enzymes

67
Q

The first 3 enzymes of pick up __% of the dose and lead __% dose of drug towards the hepatic portal vein.

A

30%, 70%

Biochem (15 decks)

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