PSIO 469 Exam 1

Question 1

In what phase does the number of sister chromatids double but the number of chromosome pairs remains the same?

Answer 1

S phase of interphase

Question 2

What is the main event in the S phase of Interphase?

Answer 2

DNA Replication

Question 3

One gametocytes undergo the S phase, what are they called?

Answer 3

Primary gametocyte. Ex: Primary spermatocyte/oocyte

Question 4

Crossing over takes place in?

Answer 4

Prophase I of Meiosis I

Question 5

In what phase of Meiosis I do the spindle apparatus begin to form leading to cross over taking place?

Answer 5

Prophase I

Question 6

What is the result of crossing over in prophase I of Meiosis I?

Answer 6

Formation of Tetrad which are two new recombinant chromosomes

Question 7

True or False. chromatids formed during crossing over are identical.

Answer 7

False- Each one of the chromatids are genetically unique, which means sister chromatids are no longer identical.

Question 8

In what phase of Meiosis does this take place: Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochore of each chromosome pair and align the tetrads at the center.

Answer 8

Metaphase I

Question 9

True or False. In Telophase I, spindle fibers pull on chromosome pairs.

Answer 9

FALSE- During Anaphase I, spindle fibers pull on chromosome pairs. They are separated to opposite poles.

Question 10

In what phase of Meiosis I does the nuclear membrane begin to reform around two nuclei?

Answer 10

Telophase I

Question 11

When the cytoplasm divides after Telophase I, the type of cell that we now have is called?

Answer 11

Two genetically different haploid cells.

Question 12

In what phase of Meiosis II do the centrioles move to the opposite end of the spindle fibers?

Answer 12

Prophase II

Question 13

In what phase of Meiosis II do the spindle fibers at each end pull on each chromatid separating the two sister chromatids (not identical)?

Answer 13

Anaphase II

Question 14

What happens during cytokinesis?

Answer 14

Cytoplasm separate and we get 4 genetically different haploid cells. (Each with half the number of original chromosomes)

Question 15

Meiosis generates genetic diversity by:

Answer 15

-Exchange of genetic material during crossing over of Prophase I.
-Random alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes in Anaphase I.
-Random alignment of the sister chromatids in Metaphase II.

Question 16

G1, G2, and S are a part of:

Answer 16

Interphase

Question 17

Karyokinesis:

Answer 17

Division of the nucleus

Question 18

Cytokinesis:

Answer 18

Division of cytoplasm

Question 19

what is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 19

Interphase

Question 20

What happens in Mitosis?

Answer 20

Mitosis is the process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells identical to the parent cell.

Question 21

What happens in Meiosis?

Answer 21

Meiosis is the process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Question 22

What is produced in the testes?

Answer 22

Sperm and testosterone

Question 23

Where do testes reside in?

Answer 23

In the Scortum

Question 24

Tetis is covered by a connective tissue capsule and is divided into 300 lobules by ____.

Answer 24

Fibrous Septa

Question 25

Spermiation:

Answer 25

Mature spermatids are released from supporting somatic Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

Question 26

Spermiogenesis:

Answer 26

Haploid spermatids complete a series of events and mature into motile spermatozoa.

Question 27

Cryptochidism:

Answer 27

Failure of testes to descend during development

Question 28

Name of vesicle that is full of enzymes on a sperm structure

Answer 28

Acrosomal Vesicle

Question 29

Inside a sperm, where are the chromatins condensed?

Answer 29

In the nucleus

Question 30

What are the three accessory glands?

Answer 30

1.Seminal Vesicle 2.Prostate 3.Bulbourethral gland

Question 31

What does the seminal vessicle produce?

Answer 31

It produces fructose (main source of energy), Semenogelin (protein that causes clotting of ejaculate to form gel matrix), and prostoglandins (which cause muscle contraction in female repro)

Question 32

What does the prostate gland produce?

Answer 32

It produces PSA (prostate-specific antigen), and Buffers (alkaline pH promotes viability of sperm)

Question 33

What is the direction of blood flow through the penis?

Answer 33

Dorsal artery--circumflex artery--cavernous artery--helicine arteries--sinusoidal spaces--circumflex vein--dorsal vein

Question 34

what are the two skeletal muscles of the penis?

Answer 34

1.Bulbospongiosus muscle 2. Ischiocavernouses muscle

Question 35

What are the 4 stages of sexual response cycle?

Answer 35

1. Excitement phase 2.Plateau phase 3.Orgasmic phase 4.Resolution phase

Question 36

what leads to binding of myosin to actin?

Answer 36

Increase in cytosolic calcium

Question 37

What feature does smooth muscle myosin have?

Answer 37

Myosin has a regulatory light chain

Question 38

what phosphorylates the regulatory light chain of myosin?

Answer 38

Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)

Question 39

What activates myosin light chain kinase?

Answer 39

A calmodulin-Calcium complex

Question 40

What is the brand name of Vardenafil?

Answer 40

Levitra

Question 41

What is the generic name of Cialis?

Answer 41

Tadalafil

Question 42

What is the generic name of Viagra?

Answer 42

Sildenafil

Question 43

why is Cialis the "weekend pill"?

Answer 43

Because the half life is 17.5 hrs, meaning after 17.5 hours pass by after taking the pill, only half the concentration will have cleared from the body.

Question 44

Men taking PDE5 inhibitors should avoid taking __?

Answer 44

Nitrites which are another group of vasodilators (nitric oxide)

Question 45

What is priapism?

Answer 45

Rare condition causing persistent and often painful erection

Question 46

what are treatments for priapism?

Answer 46

phenylephrine injection (alpha 1 receptor agonist), or surgical drainage

Question 47

For patients unable to take oral PDE5 inhibitors, what is another alternative?

Answer 47

Alprostadil ( it works by another pathway than the one regulated by NO and cGMP)

Question 48

Alprostadil is a more stable, synthetic form of __?

Answer 48

Prostaglandin E1

Question 49

Alprostadil can be administered by:

Answer 49

-transurethral pellet -Intra-Cavernous injection (this can cause scarring of tunica albuginea.

Question 50

what is the optic chiasm?

Answer 50

a region where nerve fibers from each eye cross to opposite half of the brain. a tumor in pituitary can push on optic chiasm and cause visual disturbances.

Question 51

Another name for the portal vessel is?

Answer 51

Hypothalamic hypophysial portal system

Question 52

Another name for anterior pituitary is?

Answer 52

Adenohypophysis

Question 53

Another name for the posterior pituitary is?

Answer 53

Neurohypophysis

Question 54

What is the primary function of tropic hormone?

Answer 54

regulate hormone secretion by another endocrine gland. Ex: LH regulates testis to make testosterone

Question 55

what is the primary function of non-tropic hormone?

Answer 55

Primary effect is on non-endocrine target tissue. Ex: testosterone acts on hair follicle to stimulate hair growth.

Question 56

What is the neuroendocrine reflex?

Answer 56

It is what regualtes the output of the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin released from PP, stimulates muscle contraction of cervix, this sends + neural stimulation to hypothalamus to release more oxytocin. This loop terminates with the delivery of the fetus.

Question 57

What hormone does the sertoli cells express?

Answer 57

FSH

Question 58

What does FSH stimulate

Answer 58

-Spermiation -Mitosis spermatogonia -Production of ABP (synthesize inhibin)

Question 59

What are the 4 functions of sertoli cells?

Answer 59

-express FSH receptor -Maintain blood-testis barrier -secrete fluid that nourish sperm and provides transport medium -phagocytize abnormal sperm and excess cytoplasm.

Question 60

what are the three levels of sexual dimorphism?

Answer 60

-Gonadal -phenotypic -genetic

Question 61

fetal development of internal reproductive tract is directly affected by__?

Answer 61

Testosterone

Question 62

Fetal development of external genitalia and prostate requires what?

Answer 62

T to concert to DHT by 5alpha-reductase

Question 63

If SRY is present it means:

Answer 63

Gonad should form into testes.

Question 64

SRY gene production contributes to:

Answer 64

-differentiation of gonads into testes -production of anti-mullerian hormone by sertoli cells -production of testosterone by leydig cells

Question 65

What is first-pass effect?

Answer 65

concentration of orally administered pill is greatly reduced (inactivated) before it reaches systemic circulation

Question 66

what are the 4 potential systems involved in first-pass metabolism?

Answer 66

1.Gut wall enzymes 2.GI lumen enzymes 3.Bacterial enzymes 4.Hepatic enzymes

Question 67

The first 3 enzymes of pick up __% of the dose and lead __% dose of drug towards the hepatic portal vein.

Answer 67

30%, 70%