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Chem 405A FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by “Safety”

A

The condition of being safe from undergoing or causing hurt, injury, or loss.
Loss can refer to property, bodily function, time, even life!

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2
Q

Why is safety so important?

A

Many deaths and injuries are caused by unsafe practices.

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3
Q

What are the 3 myths about workplace?

A

1- Accidents just happen
2- Being safe takes too much time and money
3- You cannot create a hazard-free workplace

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4
Q

which health crisis resulted from the chisso company polluting local water with mercury waste over a 37-year period?

A

Minamata disease

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5
Q

What is the worst industrial disaster in America?

A

Texas City Disaster, Texas in 1947. Involved Ammonium nitrate.

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6
Q

what happened in July of 1976 in Italy?

A

Dioxins were released in the atmosphere. 193 people suffered from chloracne. Dioxin contains 2 benzene rings attached by oxygen atoms.

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7
Q

What is the worst industrial disaster in history?

A

Bhopal Disaster in 1984 in India. 45 tons of methyl isocyanate gas was accidentally released. Most went blind.

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8
Q

Accident rate in academic labs is x times higher.

A

10-50 times

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9
Q

What was the UCLA lab accident about?

A

Lab student was killed while working with t-butyllithium which is pyrophoric. She caught on fire, and died 18 days later.

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10
Q

What does ACS safety culture task force address?

A

Safety culture in academic labs at all levels.

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11
Q

What does OSHA stand for?

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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12
Q

What does OSHA do?

A

OSHA is the federal agency responsible for workplace safety and health in the US.

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13
Q

RAMP stands for?

A

Recognizing hazard
Assessing risk
Minimizing risk
Preparing for emergencies

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14
Q

what does Recognizing hazard include?

A

-Read Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
-Read labels and know info about chemicals before hand
-Learn about classes of hazards

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15
Q

What does Assessing risk include?

A

-Think through activity/steps before hand
-Know and consider final products of rxn
-Consider all exposure routes

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16
Q

What does minimizing risk include?

A

-work on small scale
-use PPE
-housekeeping

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17
Q

What does preparing for emergencies include?

A

-Be ready to react
-Have safety equipment ready/know where it is
-Know when to walk away/run away

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18
Q

Where can we find chemical hazard information?

A

OSHA website, RLSS at UA, Safety Data sheets

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19
Q

What is CHP?

A

Chemical Hygiene plan- required in all workplaces where chemicals are used.

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20
Q

What is included in Material Safety Data sheet?

A

-PPE requirements
-Chemical properties
-Hazards

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21
Q

Describe 2 characteristics that differentiate lab work environment from industrial work environment?

A
  • Work is on a smaller scale (not for production)
    -Work is varied ( many diff types of activities)
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22
Q

How many sections are in an SDS, name 4:

A

16 sections. Hazard identification, Handling and Storage, First-aid measures, Disposal information.

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23
Q

what is GHS?

A

Globally harmonized system- of hazard classes- it is the standard worldwide method for labelling chemicals

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24
Q

What are the 3 main categories of CHS?

A

-Physical hazard
-Health hazard
-Environmental hazard

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25
Having a low boiling point means:
Having a high vapor pressure = more volatile
26
Low flash point=
more flammable
27
HC1 means __ and HC4 means___
extremely flammable, combustible
28
HC2 means__ and HC3 means___
flammable, and highly flammable
29
Being extremely flammable means having __ flashpoint
lowest
30
True or False:Oxidizers can be placed next to flammables
False, if flammable is caught on fire, oxidizer will accelerate it.
31
What happened during West, Texas fertilizer accident?
2013- explosion involving ammonium nitrate a strong oxidizer
32
Explosives cause __ energy release
High. They can be self reactive.
33
What happened during Texas tech explosion?
Grad student scaled up from 300 mg of to 10 g and caused an explosion. Friction caused the explosion.
34
Oxygen + light can form___
peroxides
35
How should peroxidizable chemicals be handled?
-stored in the dark and away from air -test for peroxide presence before heating or evaporation using peroxide test strips -Should not be kept longer than 6 months
36
what type of gases can explode if they leak?
flammable gases
37
What happened in 1963 at Indiana State Fair?
Propane gas was leaking and exploded- one of the worst disasters in the State's history
38
Name 5 compressed gas safety?
-Cap cylinder before moving it -Always use a cart to move cylinder -Know the property inside the cylinder -Wear closed toe shoes -Never use teflon tape to attach a regulator to a cylinder
39
___ carry a cylinder by the valve
Never
40
What happened during Hawaii lab accident?
in 2016, post doc student lost her arm as she pressed the off button on the guage and it ignited.
41
gas cylinder regulators always have two pressure gauges, what are they for?
One is for the main tank pressure, the other is for delivery pressure
42
what is ohms law?
Voltage = Current x Resistance
43
what are some symptoms of electric shock
burns, tingling, pain, hearing problems
44
The severity of shock depends on:
amount of current (the lower the resistance, the higher the current), the type of current (ac/dc)
45
what are the 3 types of electrical hazard?
-Thermal hazard -shock hazard -fibrillation
46
at what mA does the heart stop? at what mA does a light bulb?
100 mA 1000 mA
47
What are the 4 principles of electrical safety?
1. Isolation (the circuit) 2.Insulation (the wires) 3.Current limiting (use interupter outlets) 4.Grounding
48
Power =
Current x Voltage
49
what are common causes of electrical mishaps?
-continued use of equipment -improper installation
50
The higher the wavelength, the ___ the frequency.
Lower
51
The ___ the wavelength, the higher the frequency.
52
Ionizing interactions are the most dangerous and occur when wavelength is __ and frequency is ____
shortest, highest
53
what are examples of Ionizing radiation? why are they so dangerous?
x-rays, beta radiation, short wavelength UV light. Dangerous because it can damage DNA and biological cells.
54
Non-ionizing radiation have __ energy, ___ frequency, ___ wavelengths than ionizing sources.
Higher, lower, longer
55
what are examples of non-ionizing sources?
Microwaves, long-wave UV light
56
which class of lasers is not considered hazardous for momentary and unintentional direct viewing of the laser beam?
Class 2
57
which class of lasers is hazardous to eyes if one looks directly at the beam?
3a
58
which class of lasers is hazardous with direct exposure, and one must have safety interlock?
3b
59
___ of a laser depends on the number of photons the laser emits per second.
Power
60
laser pointers are restricted to class ___ or below. Laser pointers are less than 5 mW. Above 5mW, ____ reflex is no longer a sufficient protection.
3a, blink
61
eye is most sensitive at ___ nm.
550
62
____ output energy can be ___ times higher than the visible, and the user cannot see the IR light.
IR, 10x
63
UV light can be a hazard to ___ and ___
eyes (cause corneal flash burns, cataracts) and skin (burns, cancer)
64
___ materials produce ionizing radiation.
Radioactive
65
1-5 % of deaths due to lung cancer are caused by naturally occurring ___.
Radon
66
True or False. Every isotope of element with atomic number above 83 is unstable.
True
67
___ particles are less penetrating than ___ particles
alpha, beta
68
Which particle has a helium nucleus of 2 protons and 2 neutrons and a charge of 2+?
alpha particle
69
which particle interacts with matter by ionization and excitation?
beta particle
70
___ rays are produced from nuclei; X-rays from ____.
Gamma, electron rearrangement
71
Danger of ___ interacting with matter is estimated to be about ___ that of gamma radiation.
Neutrons, 10x
72
Hazard is ___
a potential source of danger or harm. Ex: solvents
73
Risk is ____
probability of suffering harm
74
risk level =
severity of hazard x probability of exposure to hazard
75
what are 3 exposure routes of chemicals?
ingestion, dermal, inhalation
76
LD50 determines:
Toxicity levels of chemicals. It s the medial lethal dose. (ingestion and dermal)
77
the lower the LD50 is the more___
dangerous
78
LC50 is:
Median lethal concentration for inhalation hazard- concentration required to kill 50% of test population
79
What is risk perception?
It is subjective and influenced by many factors (familiarity, our ideas of risk may be different)
80
what are 4 things included in CHP?
Chemical Hygiene plan- list of lab equipment, housekeeping info, emergency procedures, waste disposal info
81
why is it important to have a chemical inventory?
it minimizes "searching" for chemicals, and it will list all chemicals in the lab with their storage location
82
Chemicals should be stored according to their ____.
Compatibility
83
chemical storage is categorized into:
-corrosive -flammable -oxidizers -highly toxic -highly reactive
84
special "flammable" cabinets are made of ___
double-walled steel
85
What are unique characteristics of flammable cabinets?
-bottom of cabinet is designed to catch spills -cabinets have self-closing doors -shelves and clips should be inspected regularly
86
what "specific safety feature" does a flammable refrigerator have compared to conventional fridge?
Electrical/sparking devices are sealed to prevent potential for igniting vapors.
87
what is special about explosion proof refrigerators?
similar to flammable refrigerators, they have electrical/sparking devices but sealed to prevent explosions.
88
when selecting storage location, #1 priority should be ___, then ____, _____, _____.
flammability, reactivity, corrosivity, toxicity
89
what is a CHO and what is its role?
CHO is Chemical Hygiene Officer who educates others about safety requirements, and knows relavant regulations.
90
Safety culture means:
Everyone feels responsible for safety and pursues it on a daily basis.
91
What are the 3 key elements of safety culture?
1. Management will also obey rules (puts on PPE when needed) 2.Employee engagement (never afraid to speak up) 3. Environment of continuous improvement
92
what is rule based vs risk based?
Rule based is when members must follow rules set form "above" and they don't have a say in setting the rules. Risk based focuses on the risk and works to minimize it, it is set by a group and can be modified as needed.
93
why is housekeeping so important?
-safety -efficiency and productivity -pleasant work environment, happier employees
94
what are examples of lab housekeeping?
-keep doors and entryways clear, label everything, clean up spills immediately
95
what are exposure routes?
skin and eye, inhaling, swallowing
96
acute hazard has ___ affects. Ex includes:
immediate, burns, sudden illness
97
Chronic hazards can manifest after ___. Ex includes:
a period of time, cancer, reproductive problems
98
examples of hazards to the eyes include:
-splashes of toxic chemicals, lasers, ultraviolet rays
99
what to do when chemicals get in eyes?
-wash with plain water for minimum of 15 minutes -do not use any other chemicals, leave that to the healthcare professionals.
100
Bases are ____ dangerous than acids.
more
101
true or false: bases can cause more extensive eye damage than acids
true
102
___ burns cause protein coagulation in the corneal epithelium, which limits further penetration.
Acid
103
what type of gloves are good for general-purpose glove? but not good for acetone, and dichloromethane
Nitrile glove
104
which types of gloves are good for corrosives?
Butyl gloves
105
which gloves resist many acids and solvent?
Neoprene gloves
106
what are the 3 types of mercury?
1.Aryl mercury 2.Elemental mercury 3.Alkyl mercury (toxic)
107
what are examples of engineering controls?
-fume hoods -safety interlocks -splash shields
108
what does EPA regulates?
Environmental protection agency regulates hazardous waste
109
what are strategies to minimize hazardous waste?
- minimize chemical use (reduce scale) -don't over order -recycle or reuse of possible
110
What is ethics?
The principles of conduct governing a group
111
Morals are:
internal principles of an individual
112
Integrity means:
firm adherence to a code of moral values
113
What was the Volkswagen Diesel Scandal:
The company rigged their software to make emissions from diesel appear lower.
114
What is the beryllium poisoning case?
workers were inhaling beryllium and was causing health issues. The company covered it up and downplayed the risk to the workers. Company was no longer in business after this event.
115
what was an example of hoaxes?
crop circles, Piltdown Man
116
what are causes of ethical lapses?
-joke -outside pressure -lapse in judgement

Biochem (16 decks)

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