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Biochem > Chem 405A FINAL > Flashcards

Chem 405A FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by “Safety”

A

The condition of being safe from undergoing or causing hurt, injury, or loss.
Loss can refer to property, bodily function, time, even life!

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2
Q

Why is safety so important?

A

Many deaths and injuries are caused by unsafe practices.

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3
Q

What are the 3 myths about workplace?

A

1- Accidents just happen
2- Being safe takes too much time and money
3- You cannot create a hazard-free workplace

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4
Q

which health crisis resulted from the chisso company polluting local water with mercury waste over a 37-year period?

A

Minamata disease

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5
Q

What is the worst industrial disaster in America?

A

Texas City Disaster, Texas in 1947. Involved Ammonium nitrate.

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6
Q

what happened in July of 1976 in Italy?

A

Dioxins were released in the atmosphere. 193 people suffered from chloracne. Dioxin contains 2 benzene rings attached by oxygen atoms.

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7
Q

What is the worst industrial disaster in history?

A

Bhopal Disaster in 1984 in India. 45 tons of methyl isocyanate gas was accidentally released. Most went blind.

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8
Q

Accident rate in academic labs is x times higher.

A

10-50 times

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9
Q

What was the UCLA lab accident about?

A

Lab student was killed while working with t-butyllithium which is pyrophoric. She caught on fire, and died 18 days later.

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10
Q

What does ACS safety culture task force address?

A

Safety culture in academic labs at all levels.

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11
Q

What does OSHA stand for?

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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12
Q

What does OSHA do?

A

OSHA is the federal agency responsible for workplace safety and health in the US.

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13
Q

RAMP stands for?

A

Recognizing hazard
Assessing risk
Minimizing risk
Preparing for emergencies

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14
Q

what does Recognizing hazard include?

A

-Read Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
-Read labels and know info about chemicals before hand
-Learn about classes of hazards

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15
Q

What does Assessing risk include?

A

-Think through activity/steps before hand
-Know and consider final products of rxn
-Consider all exposure routes

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16
Q

What does minimizing risk include?

A

-work on small scale
-use PPE
-housekeeping

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17
Q

What does preparing for emergencies include?

A

-Be ready to react
-Have safety equipment ready/know where it is
-Know when to walk away/run away

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18
Q

Where can we find chemical hazard information?

A

OSHA website, RLSS at UA, Safety Data sheets

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19
Q

What is CHP?

A

Chemical Hygiene plan- required in all workplaces where chemicals are used.

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20
Q

What is included in Material Safety Data sheet?

A

-PPE requirements
-Chemical properties
-Hazards

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21
Q

Describe 2 characteristics that differentiate lab work environment from industrial work environment?

A
  • Work is on a smaller scale (not for production)
    -Work is varied ( many diff types of activities)
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22
Q

How many sections are in an SDS, name 4:

A

16 sections. Hazard identification, Handling and Storage, First-aid measures, Disposal information.

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23
Q

what is GHS?

A

Globally harmonized system- of hazard classes- it is the standard worldwide method for labelling chemicals

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24
Q

What are the 3 main categories of CHS?

A

-Physical hazard
-Health hazard
-Environmental hazard

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25
Q

Having a low boiling point means:

A

Having a high vapor pressure = more volatile

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26
Q

Low flash point=

A

more flammable

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27
Q

HC1 means __ and HC4 means___

A

extremely flammable, combustible

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28
Q

HC2 means__ and HC3 means___

A

flammable, and highly flammable

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29
Q

Being extremely flammable means having __ flashpoint

A

lowest

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30
Q

True or False:Oxidizers can be placed next to flammables

A

False, if flammable is caught on fire, oxidizer will accelerate it.

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31
Q

What happened during West, Texas fertilizer accident?

A

2013- explosion involving ammonium nitrate a strong oxidizer

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32
Q

Explosives cause __ energy release

A

High. They can be self reactive.

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33
Q

What happened during Texas tech explosion?

A

Grad student scaled up from 300 mg of to 10 g and caused an explosion. Friction caused the explosion.

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34
Q

Oxygen + light can form___

A

peroxides

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35
Q

How should peroxidizable chemicals be handled?

A

-stored in the dark and away from air
-test for peroxide presence before heating or evaporation using peroxide test strips
-Should not be kept longer than 6 months

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36
Q

what type of gases can explode if they leak?

A

flammable gases

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37
Q

What happened in 1963 at Indiana State Fair?

A

Propane gas was leaking and exploded- one of the worst disasters in the State’s history

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38
Q

Name 5 compressed gas safety?

A

-Cap cylinder before moving it
-Always use a cart to move cylinder
-Know the property inside the cylinder
-Wear closed toe shoes
-Never use teflon tape to attach a regulator to a cylinder

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39
Q

___ carry a cylinder by the valve

A

Never

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40
Q

What happened during Hawaii lab accident?

A

in 2016, post doc student lost her arm as she pressed the off button on the guage and it ignited.

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41
Q

gas cylinder regulators always have two pressure gauges, what are they for?

A

One is for the main tank pressure, the other is for delivery pressure

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42
Q

what is ohms law?

A

Voltage = Current x Resistance

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43
Q

what are some symptoms of electric shock

A

burns, tingling, pain, hearing problems

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44
Q

The severity of shock depends on:

A

amount of current (the lower the resistance, the higher the current), the type of current (ac/dc)

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45
Q

what are the 3 types of electrical hazard?

A

-Thermal hazard
-shock hazard
-fibrillation

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46
Q

at what mA does the heart stop?
at what mA does a light bulb?

A

100 mA
1000 mA

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47
Q

What are the 4 principles of electrical safety?

A
  1. Isolation (the circuit)
    2.Insulation (the wires)
    3.Current limiting (use interupter outlets)
    4.Grounding
48
Q

Power =

A

Current x Voltage

49
Q

what are common causes of electrical mishaps?

A

-continued use of equipment
-improper installation

50
Q

The higher the wavelength, the ___ the frequency.

A

Lower

51
Q

The ___ the wavelength, the higher the frequency.

A
52
Q

Ionizing interactions are the most dangerous and occur when wavelength is __ and frequency is ____

A

shortest, highest

53
Q

what are examples of Ionizing radiation? why are they so dangerous?

A

x-rays, beta radiation, short wavelength UV light. Dangerous because it can damage DNA and biological cells.

54
Q

Non-ionizing radiation have __ energy, ___ frequency, ___ wavelengths than ionizing sources.

A

Higher, lower, longer

55
Q

what are examples of non-ionizing sources?

A

Microwaves, long-wave UV light

56
Q

which class of lasers is not considered hazardous for momentary and unintentional direct viewing of the laser beam?

A

Class 2

57
Q

which class of lasers is hazardous to eyes if one looks directly at the beam?

A

3a

58
Q

which class of lasers is hazardous with direct exposure, and one must have safety interlock?

A

3b

59
Q

___ of a laser depends on the number of photons the laser emits per second.

A

Power

60
Q

laser pointers are restricted to class ___ or below. Laser pointers are less than 5 mW. Above 5mW, ____ reflex is no longer a sufficient protection.

A

3a, blink

61
Q

eye is most sensitive at ___ nm.

A

550

62
Q

____ output energy can be ___ times higher than the visible, and the user cannot see the IR light.

A

IR, 10x

63
Q

UV light can be a hazard to ___ and ___

A

eyes (cause corneal flash burns, cataracts) and skin (burns, cancer)

64
Q

___ materials produce ionizing radiation.

A

Radioactive

65
Q

1-5 % of deaths due to lung cancer are caused by naturally occurring ___.

A

Radon

66
Q

True or False. Every isotope of element with atomic number above 83 is unstable.

A

True

67
Q

___ particles are less penetrating than ___ particles

A

alpha, beta

68
Q

Which particle has a helium nucleus of 2 protons and 2 neutrons and a charge of 2+?

A

alpha particle

69
Q

which particle interacts with matter by ionization and excitation?

A

beta particle

70
Q

___ rays are produced from nuclei; X-rays from ____.

A

Gamma, electron rearrangement

71
Q

Danger of ___ interacting with matter is estimated to be about ___ that of gamma radiation.

A

Neutrons, 10x

72
Q

Hazard is ___

A

a potential source of danger or harm. Ex: solvents

73
Q

Risk is ____

A

probability of suffering harm

74
Q

risk level =

A

severity of hazard x probability of exposure to hazard

75
Q

what are 3 exposure routes of chemicals?

A

ingestion, dermal, inhalation

76
Q

LD50 determines:

A

Toxicity levels of chemicals. It s the medial lethal dose. (ingestion and dermal)

77
Q

the lower the LD50 is the more___

A

dangerous

78
Q

LC50 is:

A

Median lethal concentration for inhalation hazard- concentration required to kill 50% of test population

79
Q

What is risk perception?

A

It is subjective and influenced by many factors (familiarity, our ideas of risk may be different)

80
Q

what are 4 things included in CHP?

A

Chemical Hygiene plan- list of lab equipment, housekeeping info, emergency procedures, waste disposal info

81
Q

why is it important to have a chemical inventory?

A

it minimizes “searching” for chemicals, and it will list all chemicals in the lab with their storage location

82
Q

Chemicals should be stored according to their ____.

A

Compatibility

83
Q

chemical storage is categorized into:

A

-corrosive
-flammable
-oxidizers
-highly toxic
-highly reactive

84
Q

special “flammable” cabinets are made of ___

A

double-walled steel

85
Q

What are unique characteristics of flammable cabinets?

A

-bottom of cabinet is designed to catch spills
-cabinets have self-closing doors
-shelves and clips should be inspected regularly

86
Q

what “specific safety feature” does a flammable refrigerator have compared to conventional fridge?

A

Electrical/sparking devices are sealed to prevent potential for igniting vapors.

87
Q

what is special about explosion proof refrigerators?

A

similar to flammable refrigerators, they have electrical/sparking devices but sealed to prevent explosions.

88
Q

when selecting storage location, #1 priority should be ___, then ____, _____, _____.

A

flammability, reactivity, corrosivity, toxicity

89
Q

what is a CHO and what is its role?

A

CHO is Chemical Hygiene Officer who educates others about safety requirements, and knows relavant regulations.

90
Q

Safety culture means:

A

Everyone feels responsible for safety and pursues it on a daily basis.

91
Q

What are the 3 key elements of safety culture?

A
  1. Management will also obey rules (puts on PPE when needed)
    2.Employee engagement (never afraid to speak up)
  2. Environment of continuous improvement
92
Q

what is rule based vs risk based?

A

Rule based is when members must follow rules set form “above” and they don’t have a say in setting the rules. Risk based focuses on the risk and works to minimize it, it is set by a group and can be modified as needed.

93
Q

why is housekeeping so important?

A

-safety
-efficiency and productivity
-pleasant work environment, happier employees

94
Q

what are examples of lab housekeeping?

A

-keep doors and entryways clear, label everything, clean up spills immediately

95
Q

what are exposure routes?

A

skin and eye, inhaling, swallowing

96
Q

acute hazard has ___ affects. Ex includes:

A

immediate, burns, sudden illness

97
Q

Chronic hazards can manifest after ___. Ex includes:

A

a period of time, cancer, reproductive problems

98
Q

examples of hazards to the eyes include:

A

-splashes of toxic chemicals, lasers, ultraviolet rays

99
Q

what to do when chemicals get in eyes?

A

-wash with plain water for minimum of 15 minutes
-do not use any other chemicals, leave that to the healthcare professionals.

100
Q

Bases are ____ dangerous than acids.

A

more

101
Q

true or false: bases can cause more extensive eye damage than acids

A

true

102
Q

___ burns cause protein coagulation in the corneal epithelium, which limits further penetration.

A

Acid

103
Q

what type of gloves are good for general-purpose glove? but not good for acetone, and dichloromethane

A

Nitrile glove

104
Q

which types of gloves are good for corrosives?

A

Butyl gloves

105
Q

which gloves resist many acids and solvent?

A

Neoprene gloves

106
Q

what are the 3 types of mercury?

A

1.Aryl mercury
2.Elemental mercury
3.Alkyl mercury (toxic)

107
Q

what are examples of engineering controls?

A

-fume hoods
-safety interlocks
-splash shields

108
Q

what does EPA regulates?

A

Environmental protection agency regulates hazardous waste

109
Q

what are strategies to minimize hazardous waste?

A
  • minimize chemical use (reduce scale)
    -don’t over order
    -recycle or reuse of possible
110
Q

What is ethics?

A

The principles of conduct governing a group

111
Q

Morals are:

A

internal principles of an individual

112
Q

Integrity means:

A

firm adherence to a code of moral values

113
Q

What was the Volkswagen Diesel Scandal:

A

The company rigged their software to make emissions from diesel appear lower.

114
Q

What is the beryllium poisoning case?

A

workers were inhaling beryllium and was causing health issues. The company covered it up and downplayed the risk to the workers. Company was no longer in business after this event.

115
Q

what was an example of hoaxes?

A

crop circles, Piltdown Man

116
Q

what are causes of ethical lapses?

A

-joke
-outside pressure
-lapse in judgement

Biochem (15 decks)

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