PSC 041 Exam 3 Flashcards
Tuskegee study
penicillin became a treatment for syphilis but it was withheld from black men participating in the experiment
Belmont report
respect for persons, beneficence, justice
Participants’ rights
privacy and confidentiality, right to withdraw, informed consent, deception and debriefing, institutional review boards
Privacy and confidentiality
guaranteeing confidentiality of personal or identifying information
Right to withdraw
even after agreeing to participate in research, they can withdraw at any point without negative consequences
Informed consent
providing enough information to allow participants to choose if they want to participate
Deception and debrief
after the experiment, the researchers have to explain the experiment with transparency (sometimes the researchers lie to protect the experiment’s integrity)
Institutional review boards (IRBs)
research should be reviewed by another group to ensure that ethical standards are met
Transparency
open science practices
Direct replication
exact same methods from the original study are replicated in the same order
Conceptual replication
tests the same scientific hypothesis with new methods/measurements
3 claims
value claims, associate claims, causal claims
Categorical
fixed number of values i.e. dead/alive
Continuous
any value along a continuum i.e. birth weight
Construct validity
test accurately measures the construct of interest
Internal validity
how well the experiment controls for confounds
External validity
generalizability of the study
Statistical validity
choosing the right statistical test (categorical or continuous) for your data
W.E.I.R.D
western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic
3 questions to assess external validity
- Is research authentic?
- Do the results generalize to other situations?
- Do the results generalize to other individuals?
Population
entire set of people or products that are of interest to a researcher
Sample
subset of a population selected for inclusion in the experiment
Inference
typically conclusions are drawn back to the population
Representative/Probability
uses random sampling where everyone has equal opportunity to be selected
Non-representative/Non-probability
does not use random sampling
Probability sampling methods
simple random sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling
Simple random sampling
researcher randomly selects subset of participants from a population
Cluster sampling
larger population is divided into groups and researcher randomly chooses clusters and collects data from the participants in the chosen clusters
Systematic sampling
select members of the population at a set interval (every 15th person)
Stratified sampling
using sampling frame for each subgroup in proportion to that subgroup’s proportion of the overall population
Non probability sampling methods
convenience sampling, snowball sampling, judgmental sampling, quota sampling
Convenience sampling
participants selected because they are easy for researchers to access
Snowball sampling
researchers ask participants to reach out to other potential participants
Judgemental sampling
researcher selects participants based on their own existing knowledge and judgment
Quota sampling
researchers create a convenience sample involving individuals according to specific qualities or traits
Value claims priorities
construct validity, external validity
Association claims priorities
construct validity, statistical validity
Causal claims
Construct validity, internal validity, statistical validity
