PSC 041 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Null hypothesis

A

there is no relationship between variables

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2
Q

Predictor variable

A

explanatory variables that predict outcome variables

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3
Q

Participant variables

A

individual differences like height or age

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4
Q

Independent Variable

A

variable manipulated under experimenter’s control

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5
Q

Outcome variable

A

measured outcome

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6
Q

Dependent variable

A

variable affected by change to IV

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7
Q

Construct

A

hypothetical variable that is not directly observable, like happiness, intelligence

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8
Q

Operational definition

A

description of operation by which the construct is measured (procedures, tests, actions)

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9
Q

Construct validity

A

degree to which operational definition is capable of measuring the construct of interest

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10
Q

Face validity

A

apparent soundness of a test or measure

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11
Q

Descriptive research design

A

aims to systematically obtain information to describe a situation, phenomenon, population

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12
Q

Correlational research design

A

investigates relationship between two variables without researcher manipulating them

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13
Q

Experimental research design

A

determining the relationship between two variables by manipulating one to see how it affects the other

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14
Q

Observation

A

watch behavior

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15
Q

Self-report

A

ask questions about attitudes, beliefs, feelings

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16
Q

Physiological changes

A

monitor biological responses

17
Q

Hypothesis

A

testable prediction concerning a variable or variables

18
Q

Non-directional hypothesis

A

hypothesis that predicts a change will occur without predicting higher or lower values

19
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

hypothesis that shows the direction of the two variables

20
Q

Positive linear relationship

A

increases in one variable relate to increases in another

21
Q

Negative linear relationship

A

increases in one variable relate to decreases in another

22
Q

Curvilinear relationship

A

increases in one variable relates to both increases and decreases in another

23
Q

No relationship

A

the variables are not related to each other

24
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

statistic that quantifies relationship between two continuous variables

25
Q

What kind of claim can be made from different research designs?

A

descriptive- value claim
correlational - association claim
experimental- causal claim

26
Q

Categorical variables

A

variables described by groups or words that vary in kind or quality

27
Q

Continuous variables

A

variables that are a meaningful number along a scale with at least 6 values

28
Q

Deterministic

A

causally explained by preceding events or natural laws that can be discovered and explained

29
Q

Empirical

A

based on objective, reproducible evidence not reason, emotion, or subjective experiences

30
Q

Falsifiable

A

theory or hypothesis must be testable and proven to be false

31
Q

Provisional

A

theory is always open for revision based on new evidence

32
Q

Value claims

A

describe value (frequency/amount) of a single variable

33
Q

Association claims

A

identify relationships between measured variables

34
Q

Causal claims

A

isolate the effect of one variable on another variable

35
Q

Covariance

A

degree to which two variables change together

36
Q

Temporal precedence

A

one variable precedes the other

37
Q

Elimination of alternate explanations

A

no other variable is responsible for the relationship identified

38
Q
A