provisional government + reformist biennium

Question 1

provisional government formed by

Answer 1

parties of the pact of san sebastian
Alcala Zamora (R) : head of state
Manuel Azaña (L) : head of government

Question 2

CONSTITUTION of 1931 creation

Answer 2

• elections to constituent cortes in 1931
• victory of the left: 90 deputies socialists or left republicans
• minority of right
• AIM : draft an advanced constitution : democratic and secular
• approved without consent of the right

Question 3

CONSTITUTION OF 1931 prompts

Answer 3

1. Universal suffrage : women vote 1st
2. WIDE bill of rights and freedoms: civil marriage, divorce,
3. respect of private property although national interest is more important ( if needed : expropriate land or nationalize economic sectors)
4. RADICAL separation of powers: L( congress of deputies) + E ( government elected by cortes) + J ( independent court autonomy)
5. UNITED STATE : possibility to attain regional autonomy throough Cortes
6. SECULAR STATE ( art 26) : angered catholics ( Maura, Zamora)

Question 4

context of the reformist biennium

Answer 4

Zamora keeps cortes until reforms are passed
Azaña gets proclaimed again head of government of socialists and left republicans

Question 5

ARMY

Answer 5

modernize = apolitical institution
- loyal to the republic
- remove privileges within sectors ( Africanistas )

Question 6

RELICIOUS POLICY

Answer 6

secular / lay society
- divorce / civil marriage approved
- banned from education
- Jesuits dissolved , possesions nationalized
- Lost financial support + new taxpayers
- ** cult / religious freedom **

Question 7

AGRARIAN

Answer 7

fix the challenging situation of spanish agriculture
- estate based landowning structure
- tekno backwardness
- unemployed countryside + claims of landless labourers
LAW
- expropriate inneficcent or rented land
- peasant communities to work
- government lacked money to outbuy land owners
- failed agrarian reform = radicalization of both sctors

Question 8

LABOUR REFORM

Answer 8

Minister Largo Caballero aims to improve working conditions
1. LAW of working contracts : regulation of work
2. Arbitration mixed comittees: employers and workers agreements
3. LAW of LABOUR- ASSOCIATION: trade unions regulate

Question 9

EDUCATIONAL

Answer 9

laicise education = modern / progre
- ban religious orders
- school building program
- send teaching missions: end cultural isolation

Question 10

problems of the reformist biennium
right

Answer 10

1. opposition right:
   radical right wing + fascist groups conspire
   Sanjurjo 1932
   political parties form: Falange, CEDA (Gil)
   support : CHurch , landowners, middle class

Question 11

opposition from left

Answer 11

• Failure of agrarian reform : anger
• CNT calls for strikes + land ocupation
• CASAS VIEJAS incident: merciless repression from assault guards
• WEAKENED GOVERN: socialists stop supporting : repressive / bourgeois