Provenance Flashcards
AMBASSADORS
Diplomatic role so will be usually communicative and accurate (purpose = to report)
Will be focused on the recipients’ concerns
Spend time in court
Some work closely with the monarch of the country they are sent to (Renard)
IMPERIAL AMBASSADORS – E.G. FRANCOIS VAN DER DELFT
Their job is to embody the monarch they’re representing
Embody holy roman empire
They can offer advice
Francois van der Delft told Mary to run away from England when her brother was in power as he was sympathetic to Catholics. He often represented England to Charles VI.
French Ambassador – François de Noailles
Ambassador during Mary’s reign
Was a rival of Renard
pro-Huguenot - Calvinist protestant tradition
France is in Auld Alliance w Scotland
France nervous about Anglo-Spanish alliance (war with Habsburg Empire)
Spanish Ambassador – Simon Renard
Started as ambassador when Ed was dying
Close trusted advisor to Mary and viewed as a valuable intelligence tool by Charles V because of this
Negotiated Marriage Treaty
Spain = nervous Mary will die with no heir leaving England to be ruled by MQOS (French ally)
Philip, Pope Julius, Charles and Renard all told Mary not to convert back to Catholicism too fast
Venetian Ambassadors – e.g. Mateo Dandolo
Main purpose was to communicate the status of the Reformation to Venice
Also communicated word from the Pope
Will be concerned about status of Catholicism in England
COMMONWEALTH MEN
Term given to a group of influential and outspoken Protestant reformers
Worked in many jobs e.g. religious/political/economic.
John Hales was one – he was a cleric as well as doing the Commission
Thomas Becon (also in orange book) was one – he was a cleric
Often v outspoken over enclosure and economic issues
LOCATIONS
Devon/Cornwall – Catholic 99% Protestant 1%
Bodmin – in Cornwall, William Body
Wymondham/East Anglia/Norfolk/Norwich – Protestant majorities. Kett’s Rebellion. Anti Duke of Northumberland. Mary spent time under house arrest in Kenninghall which is in this region.
Colchester/Essex/London/Oxford/Cambridge – Centers of Protestant activity. Burnings more common here. Biggest burning was 13 people at once in Bow (East London) in 1556 – 20,000 attendees
Suffolk – 27% Protestant under Edward
Kent – 8% Protestant under Edward
York – 2% Protestant
Oxford and Cambridge – mix. Chalices appear after Mary becomes Queen. However lots of religious opposition due to universities e.g. Oxford Martyrs
JOHN PROCTOR
Catholic historian and headmaster
Is catholic and loyal to mary eg)calls wyatts ‘detestable’ in poem
Contemporary who wrote reports to the government
NICHOLAS THROCKMORTON
Protestant Diplomat and politician under Edward VI and Mary. Also knew Katherine Parr
Under Edward: Was knighted for Battle of Pinkie Clough. Distanced himself from Somerset after Coup. Part of Northumberland’s inner circle and close relationship with Edward
Under Mary: Supported Mary in Succession Crisis. Was put on trial and found innocent for Wyatt’s rebellion.
Uncle of Francis Throckmorton (Throckmorton Plot) it was not him
GENTRY IN THE REBELLIONS
Both rebellions have an aspect of targeting the gentry.
Western = Kill Hellyons. “Kill the Gentlemen”.
Kett’s = Kill Lord Sheffield. Initially targeted Flowerdew over enclosure. Looted Norwich as 6% owned 60% of wealth.
Gentry = rising middle class. Not got titles (e.g. Duke) but do have money. MP, landlord, merchant etc.
CHARLES WRIOTHESLEY’S CHRONICLE
**Was an officer of arms in London **
‘loyal and carefully observant.’ =Supports religion of monarch
Lived under Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I
The purpose of his Chronicle was to document the changes to England under all the Tudor monarchs
While Wriothesley’s exact religious stance is not explicitly stated, his involvement in significant events and his position at court indicate that he navigated the complex religious landscape of Tudor England, balancing personal beliefs with professional duties
=aims to please view of ruler
GRAFTON’S CHRONICLE
radical Protestant
Records chronicle in prison under mary
Printed English Bibles illegally under Henry VIII
Became King’s Printer for Edward VI and Queen’s Printer to LJG before losing job and being imprisoned by Mary
In prison he wrote his Chronicle to document random stuff about England (even the 30 days hath September rhyme)
EDWARD’S CHRONICLE (journal)
NOTE: Wrote in it everyday and refers to himself as ‘he’ in it (writes in 3rd person)
When he is younger it should be kept in mind Edward’s experiences and knowledge are controlled by his surroundings (Somerset)
Anything 15 Sept – 14 Oct Edward is basically writing whilst kidnapped by Somerset
Northumberland lets Edward sit in PC meetings from August 1551 so he knows more from this date
PAGET
Collaborated with Somerset to help him gain power. Helped get Ed in Somerset’s custody before finding out Henry was dead
Any sources 1547-1549: likes Somerset
Any sources 1549: on the anti-Somerset faction
Part of Mary’s Privy Council as denounced the LJG Plot. Didn’t like burnings. Didn’t like Pole.
CARDINAL POLE
Mary’s closest ally and friend on PC
Radical Catholic who supports fast change and burnings
Dies 12 hours after Mary
ACTS OF PARLIAMENT/LETTERS FROM PC/ETC
Letters from PC before 19th July in Succession Crisis: support the Crisis, no threat. However 102 were forced to sign Devise under duress
Acts of Parliament: official and suggest unity, for example suggest Marriage Treaty popular. However some, the nature of them shows another issue. E.g. the need for a marriage treaty because she was a woman shows there is an issue.
Proclamations: don’t come from Parliament, come from the Protector. Somerset issues 77 in a couple of years. Average is 6 per year.
PURITANS ABROAD / MARIAN EXILES
Calvin (Puritan)
Bullinger (Puritan)
Foxe (under Mary) (Exile)
Knox (Scotland) (Puritan)
John Jewel (under Mary) (Exile)
Grindal (under Mary) (Exile)
Rose Hickman (under Mary) (Exile)
JOHN FOXE
Protestant. Was a Marian Exile.
Wrote Actes and Monuments (also called the Book of Martyrs)
First published in April 20th 1563 (under Elizabeth). One copy placed in every Church in England under Liz by 1572.
Largest publishing project in English history at the time. Made Foxe famous. Could buy for 3 weeks wages (10 shillings)
Purpose was to document the ‘martyrdom’ of Protestants persecuted for heresy. Document Bow burnings, Oxford Martyrs, Rawlins White, John Rogers, many more.
Based off testimony, much of it anonymous.
JOHN KNOX
Scottish Puritan
Travelled to Geneva to meet John Calvin
Opposed Mary Tudor’s rule but not Elizabeth (because of religion)
1558 - Wrote First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
Used religion to criticize female rule. Also believed women couldn’t lead as none of the disciples were women.
Thomas Tye, Catholic priest
Wrote secretly to Archbishop Bonner to inform him of Protestant practices within Tye’s parish. One of his letters was included in Foxe’s Book of Martyrs
Sir Thomas Smith - A Discourse on the Commonwealth
Anglican/Protestnant reformer
Anti Debsaement
The basic thrust of the Discourse on the Commonwealth was an attack on debasement, and its consequences in high prices, inflation, and social unrest. Debasement, and not the arbitrary decision of farmers or merchants, is responsible for higher prices. The principal losers from this policy are people on fixed incomes. The Discourse was published after Sir Thomas’s death by his nephew William; included are later passages, interpolated by Thomas during the 1570s, attributing the Elizabethan inflation of the later 16th century to another factor
Cardinal Reginald Pole
Reginald Pole (12 March 1500 - 17 November 1558) was an English cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury, holding the office from 1556 to 1558, during the Counter Reformation.
In 1555, Queen Mary began permitting the burning of Anglicans for heresy, and some 220 men and 60 women were executed before her death in 1558. Pole shares responsibility for these persecutions which, despite his intention, contributed to the ultimate victory of the English Reformation.[18] On the other hand, Pole was in failing health during the worst period of persecution, and there is some evidence that he favoured a more lenient approach: “Three condemned heretics from Bonner’s diocese were pardoned on an appeal to him;
Robert Parkyn
Catholic yorkshire preist
The reformation in his view, came from the political centre and was cynically imposed on the parishes by the government of Henry VIII and Edward VI. Parkyn lived to celebrate the restoration of Catholic worship under Mary and to accommodate himself to the Protestant regime of Elizabeth
Recorded
Narrative of the Reformation, 1532-54
Hooper
Leader of Evangelical Protestants.
He aimed to sweep away all remaining aspects of Catholicism and enforce a radical and pure form of Protestantism. He led the push towards radical Protestantism and he gained the favour of Edward VI and Northumberland. He clashed with Cranmer and Ridley. Later executed by Mary Feb 9th 1555
Latimer and Ridley
Protestant priests
=Executed together at stake in oxford October 16th 1555
Robert Crowley
Protestant clergyman
was a stationer, poet, polemicist and who was among the Marian exiles at Frankfurt. Crowley appears to have been a Henrician Evangelical who favoured a more reformed Protestantism than was sanctioned at that time by the king and the Church of England.
Francis Bourgoyne
French Protestant minister
but had to flee France in the persecution of 1547
Great interest in Henrician reformation, so would expect him to support protestant views
Robert Wingfeild
Devoutley catholic courtier
Wrote ‘The lifeof mary queen of england’ (1553)
Vita Mariae Angliae reginae
A devout Catholic, from 24 to 26 July 1553 he played host at his Ipswich home to Queen Mary during her journey to London to claim the throne against Lady Jane Grey. Mary rewarded him with a £20 life annuity.
Jehan Schefve
Supports religion of rulor = favoured both mary and edward
Imperial ambassador
represents Holy Roman empire
Wrote a lot about Edwards detirarating illness in lungs.
Entrusted with the sounding of Mary and Philps marriage.
Mostly wrote about commercial (economic) issues.
William Dalby
London merchant, often present at key events
eg)Northumberland’s conversion
most likely protestant, no political ambition, unlikely to have a bias view.
Letters focus on political duty over personal view
Martin Bucer
German Theologian
Martin Bucer was a German Protestant reformer based in Strasbourg who influenced Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican doctrines and practices.
Rose Hickman
Protestant noblewomen
When the Catholic Mary I came to the throne in 1553, Anthony Hickman and Thomas Lok were committed to the Fleet prison for having aided imprisoned Protestants and for having maintained religious heresy.
Fleed to Antwerp
Bishop Bonner
Catholic clergyman
He became notorious as “Bloody Bonner” for his role in the persecution of heretics under the Catholic government of Mary I of England,
Initially an instrumental figure in the schism of Henry VIII from Rome, he was antagonised by the Protestant reforms introduced by the Duke of Somerset and reconciled himself to Catholicism.
John Hales
When King Edward VI came to the throne in 1547, Hales was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex and Warwickshire, and became a member of parliament for Preston, Lancashire.[1
Opposed land enclosures= Hales commission June 6th 1548
Protestant reformer = Marian exile under mary
