PROTOZOOLOGY

Question 1

• are oftentimes described as unicellular
• though looking simple, is
  capable of the processes of life due to their organelles
• is a sub-kingdom of Animalia

Answer 1

Protozoa

Question 2

• will include those with
  numerous cells, tissues, and organs
• have organ systems
  that perform complex processes of life.

Answer 2

Metazoa

Question 3

protozoa species undergo different stages of development, for which the basic stages are _____

Answer 3

• Trophozoite
• the cyst

Question 4

• the vegetative or motile stage.
• Among pathogenic species, it is also the stage that is able to produce pathology thus, is also called
  pathogenic form.
• Locomotion organelles, generally, are seen in the_____

Answer 4

trophozoite stage

Question 5

found among members of Sarcodina

Answer 5

pseudopodium

Question 6

Mastigophora

Answer 6

flagella

Question 7

Ciliophora

Answer 7

cilia

Question 8

_____ easily destroyed by
adverse conditions such as strong chemicals, urine, changes in temperature, other
organisms, and other physical, chemical, and biologic factors.

Answer 8

Trophozoites

Question 9

• dormant or non-motile form of the parasite
• serves as the transfer or infective
  stage of many species because most cyst forms are, relatively, more resistant than trophozoites.

Answer 9

Cyst

Question 10

likely to be found in formed stool but may also be recovered in
watery feces.

Answer 10

Cysts

Question 11

predominate in soft or watery fecal samples.

Answer 11

Trophozoites

Question 12

• may be preserved using chemical agents such as 5 - 10% formalin
• may also be maintained, for a certain period of time in the laboratory (longer in refrigerator) even without a preservative

Answer 12

cyst

Question 13

• easily destroyed.
• stool samples suspected to contain
  trophozoites must be examined within 30 minutes after collection n lest the
  organisms will disintegrate and identification becomes very difficult

Answer 13

trophozoites

Question 14

• may be preserved using polyvinyl
  alcohol (PVA).

specimen, suspected to contain _____ , cannot be done at once, preservatives may be used but the parasite becomes immotile or
killed

Answer 14

trophozoites

Question 15

In the old times____ was used to
preserve trophozoites but because of the harmful effects, of some of its ingredients,
its use was halted.

Answer 15

Merthiolate - formaldehyde solution

Question 16

the quality of color tends to be lesser and lesser through passage of time

Answer 16

After about 5 years or
so

Question 17

Structures and Organelles Seen among Protozoa

Answer 17

1. Nucleus
2. Cyst wall
3. Cytoplasm
4. Plasma membrane
5. Contractile vacuoles
6. Food inclusion bodies
7. Cytostome and Cytopyge
8. Locomotion organelles

Question 18

contains the chromosome needed for
life, reproduction, and transmission of the composition of the organism. An aggregate mass of granules, inside the nucleus, is the karyosome (nucleolus or endosome)

Answer 18

Nucleus

Question 19

The types of nuclei are:

Answer 19

• vesicular
• compact

Question 20

karyosome is within a large
amount of nucleoplasm
-

Answer 20

vesicular

Question 21

Vesicular nucleus is
seen in

Answer 21

• Entamoeba histolytica,
• Entamoeba coli
• Endolimax nana

Question 22

• very large granular
  chromatin-filled karyosome and very
  scanty nucleoplasm making it appear
  that there is no more space between
  nuclear membrane and karyosome.

Answer 22

compact

Question 23

The macronucleus ___ an
example of compact nucleus.

Answer 23

Balantidium coli

Question 24

relatively tough membrane,
secreted by the ectoplasm that envelops and protects the cyst form

Answer 24

Cyst wall

Question 25

interior of the cell where organelles are found

Answer 25

Cytoplasm

Question 26

The cytoplasm has two distinct portions, namely:

Answer 26

endoplasm and ectoplasm

Question 27

densely granular part containing nucleus, stored food, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, microsomes, and endoplasmic 3a reticulum

Answer 27

endoplasm

Question 28

- Less granular and more homogenous part of the endoplasm. - Functions of the ectoplasm include locomotion procurement of foods, respiration excretion, and protection

Answer 28

ectoplasm

Question 29

semi-permeable limiting boundary of the trophozoite that controls in-take and output of nutrients, secretion, and excretion, and maintains the normal concentration of the plasma substance

Answer 29

Plasma membrane

Question 30

pulsating vacuoles of various sizes seen in the endoplasm of some organisms, like Balantidium coli, are presumed to regulate the osmotic pressure within in the cell.

Answer 30

Contractile vacuoles

Question 31

- are structures in the endoplasm of some protozoa that serve as food to the parasite. -

Answer 31

Food inclusion bodies

Question 32

synthesis of food occurs in the endoplasm and may be stored as: a] (main content is protein)

Answer 32

chromatoidal bodies

Question 33

synthesis of food occurs in the endoplasm and may be stored as: a] (contains carbohydrates).

Answer 33

glycogen mass

Question 34

some protozoa have a specialized “cell mouth” called cytostome (7a) and/or cell anus, the cytopyge (7b). Trophozoites of ciliates commonly have these structures

Answer 34

Cytostome and Cytopyge

Question 35

mong amoeba, the plasma membrane is without constant shape and changes its form through extension and retraction of temporary, finger-like structures called

Answer 35

pseudopodia (8a)

Question 36

____ pseudopodia aids the amoeba trophozoite to move about and obtain food particles.

Answer 36

Active retraction

Question 37

Most trophic possess forms of Zoomastigophora hair-like projections of the cytoplasm called

Answer 37

flagella (8b)

Question 38

flagella (8b) arising from kinetoplast, consisting of a - enables the parasite to move

Answer 38

blepharoplast (8c), and parabasal body, (8d)

Question 39

small part of the flagellum, inside the cell wall, connected to the kinetoplast, is the

Answer 39

axoneme (8e)

Question 40

Ciliophora have numerous short, thread-like structures called

Answer 40

cilia (8f)

Question 41

cilia (8f) arising from ______ which are within the ectoplasm and are distributed throughout the entire surface of the parasite’s body.

Answer 41

basal granules (8g)

Question 42

- Formation of cyst from trophozoite - occurs when the organism is subjected to conditions, which are unsuitable for continued existence in the trophozoite stage.

Answer 42

Encystation

Question 43

- deficiency or overabundance of foods in the environment - accumulation of excessive waste products of metabolism of the parasite - bacteria - significant change in the pH of the surrounding medium - loss of water - desiccation of the medium - diminish or too much supply of oxygen - overpopulation

Answer 43

Conditions that favor encystation

Question 44

the ectoplasm secretes a thick cyst wall, which makes the organism more resistant to the adverse changes in the environment that trophozoites are unable to adapt to.

Answer 44

During encystation

Question 45

Two types of encystations

Answer 45

Protective and reproductive

Question 46

- no significant morphological change after encystation - aim is to preserve the parasite such as when the organism is about to excreted. - An example if organism undergoing this type of encystation

Answer 46

Balantidium coli

Question 47

- multiplication of the nucleus in the cyst form thus resulting to numerous daughter organisms - when the parasite later transforms into the trophozoite stage such as in species like Entamoeba histolytica, entamoeba coli and Giardia duodenalis

Answer 47

Reproductive

Question 48

process of producing trophozoites from cyst is called

Answer 48

excystation