Intro to para (week 1)

Question 1

• branch of biology that deals with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism.

developed in the 19th century with the
discovery of protozoal infections in the intestines by James Annersley in which he described as amoebiasis in 1828

Answer 1

Parasitology

Question 2

But the pathogenic amoeba, ______
was not discovered until 1873 by Friedrich Lösch

Answer 2

Entamoeba histolytica,

Question 3

his was followed by the
discovery of an intestinal nematode _______ by James Paget in 1835 and
the human liver fluke by James McConnell in 1875.

Answer 3

Trichinella spiralis

Question 4

totally dependent into another organism for survival and reproduction.

Answer 4

obligate parasites

Question 5

also known as an opportunist, where they can assume either a free-living state or a parasitic state,

Answer 5

facultative parasites:

Question 6

free-living organisms in nature that are parasitic to others but not to humans

whereby man may ingest and pass through the alimentary canal, excreted in feces, alive or dead, in their unchanged state.

Answer 6

Spurious parasites

Question 7

he organism that harbors or supports the life and existence of a parasite is
called a_____

Answer 7

HOST

Question 8

harbors the immature or larval forms of the parasite, or in some cases, is where asexual multiplication process takes place.

Answer 8

intermediate host

Question 9

harbors the fully mature, or adult parasite, or where sexual reproduction takes place.

Answer 9

definitive or final host

Question 10

• domestic or wild animals that serve as repository of the parasite.
• are important in spreading of
  infection.

Answer 10

Reservoir hosts

Question 11

are not essential in the life cycle of the
parasite but carries the infective stage, which is developed in a host that is
important in the development of the parasite.

Answer 11

Transport or paratenic hosts

Question 12

parasite can only grow and multiply in the body of a particular or specific host

Answer 12

Host

Question 13

give and take relationship
exists in

Answer 13

symbiosis

Question 14

A relationship that is beneficial to both organism is called

Answer 14

mutualism

Question 15

If one organism derives benefits without reciprocating and/or
harming the other organism is called____

Answer 15

commensalism

Question 16

____ exhibits different types of association with one another. Close association of two organisms

Answer 16

Lower form of organisms

Question 17

attack, kill, and use the smaller ones (prey) for food.

Answer 17

Larger organism

Question 18

animals that derive their nourishment from already dead ones either by devouring those that died of natural causes or taking the leftovers of the predators. known as_____

Answer 18

known as scavengers

Question 19

inhabit the surface of the host’s body

Answer 19

Ectoparasites

Question 20

Ectoparasites are those that inhabit the surface of the host’s body, and this
condition is called

Answer 20

infestation

Question 21

those parasites that infect
inside the host.

Answer 21

endoparasites

Question 22

The organism is given chance to enter the person’s body and the process of introducing the organisms into the host is called____

Answer 22

inoculation

Question 23

pertains to the time of entry of a disease-causing organism into the body of the host until the earliest sign and/or symptom of the infection appear.

Answer 23

Clinical incubation period

Question 24

the person who harbors such pathogenic organism is called.

• is a silent source of infection to others.

Answer 24

carrier

Question 25

Parasites have a specific developmental form, called the - this stage can enter the body to initiate an infection - may or may not cause pathologic damage.

Answer 25

infective stage.

Question 26

the one that causes damage to the host.

Answer 26

Pathogenic stage,

Question 27

Animals, more commonly insects, transferring the parasites are called______

Answer 27

transmitters or vectors.

Question 28

Vectors, which are essential in the life cycle of the parasite, are called

Answer 28

biologic vectors

Question 29

Vectors, which are not necessary in the life cycle are called

Answer 29

mechanical or phoretic vectors.

Question 30

Person-to-person transfer is a common mode of transmission of infectious agents is called_____

Answer 30

horizontal transmission.

Question 31

When an unborn baby is infected with a parasite that came from the mother thru the placenta, the process of which is_____ - may result to congenital infections

Answer 31

vertical transmission

Question 32

Parasites that originated from animal are called

Answer 32

zoonotic infections

Question 33

A person may be reinfected with an organism he is already infected with is an autoinfection, which may be via_____

Answer 33

retrograde migration

Question 34

Infections coming from another source of the same species, like human-to-human, is called______

Answer 34

heterofection

Question 35

A person with more than one species of organism at the same time is suffering from_____

Answer 35

mixed infection

Question 36

some individuals think that they are infected with some bizarre parasite but, no such organism exists in their bodies.

Answer 36

delusional parasitosis

Question 37

Infective cyst of some protozoa such as_____ may be present in food or beverage contaminated with fecal matter that came from an infected person.

Answer 37

Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia duodenalis

Question 38

Infective egg of some worms, like_____ may also be present in food and beverage aside from being deposited in the soil.

Answer 38

Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura

Question 39

Some individuals may ingest contaminated soil accidentally, or intentionally as in_____

Answer 39

geophagia

Question 40

a fluke, is acquired from eating certain species of snails.

Answer 40

Echinostoma ilocanum

Question 41

Parasites such as _____ are acquired through eating certain species of fish.

Answer 41

Capillaria philippinensis and Dibothriocephalus latus

Question 42

Individuals who are fond of eating raw beef or pork have higher chances of acquiring infections with______

Answer 42

Taenia saginata and Taenia solium,

Question 43

serve as vectors for malaria

Answer 43

Anopheles mosquitoes

Question 44

serve as vectors for malaria and some filaria worms such as_____

Answer 44

- Wuchereria bancrofti - Brugia malayi

Question 45

Arthropods like fleas, maybe present on domestic pets, are sources of infections with_____

Answer 45

Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepsis diminuta.

Question 46

Sexual contact with an infected individual is the usual source of infection with______

Answer 46

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 47

obviously, enter through the mouth, which is most common portal of entry of parasites

Answer 47

Parasites that inhabit the intestinal tract

Question 48

Parasites that inhabit the intestinal tract, obviously, enter through the mouth, which is most common portal of entry of parasites. Examples include

Answer 48

- Ascaris lumbricoides - Trichuris trichiura - Taneia species - Enterobius vermicularis - Entameoba histolytica - Giardia duodenalis - Capillaria philippinesis

Question 49

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 49

Hookworms

Question 50

Strongyloides sterocalis

Answer 50

Thread worm

Question 51

Schistoma japonicum

Answer 51

blood flukes

Question 52

introduced into the body thru percutaneous route by blood-sucking insects serving as vectors or transmitters.

Answer 52

- Malaria parasites - filaria worms - leishmania - trypanosomes

Question 53

Infective eggs of pinworm

Answer 53

Enterobius vermicularis

Question 54

The infective larvae of ______ and species of ______ may cause infection among babies of infected mothers via the breast milk.

Answer 54

- Strongyloides stercoralis - Ancylostoma

Question 55

enters the body of an individual through the genital organs during unprotected sexual intercourse

Answer 55

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 56

Each pathogenic parasite utilizes one or more of the following mechanisms to produce disease:

Answer 56

1. trauma or physical damage 2. lytic (liquefaction) necrosis 3. stimulation of host's tissue reaction ( cellular or immunologic) 4. toxic and/or allergic response

Question 57

Ectoparasites such as ______ produce intense pruritus due to local irritation of the person’s skin.

Answer 57

Sarcoptes scabiei

Question 58

cause local damage as they enter the host’s skin.

Answer 58

Infective larvae of hookworms, blood flukes and threadworms

Question 59

_____ may cause obstruction of the appendix, common bile duct, gall bladder, and the intestine.

Answer 59

Ascaris lumbricoides

Question 60

are cexamples of amoeba species that secrete proteolytic enzymes that can produce lysis or liquefaction of the host’s tissues.

Answer 60

Entamoeba histolytica and Balantidium

Question 61

may occur in any organ that the parasite is able to invade such as the brain, lungs, and liver.

Answer 61

lytic process

Question 62

Obligate intracellular parasites, such as species causing malaria, can produce ______ that they infect.

Answer 62

lysis of red blood cells

Question 63

Eggs of schistosomes like_____ once in contact with tissues of organs such as the liver, stimulate the tissues leading to production of fibrosis or scar tissue.

Answer 63

Schistosoma japonicum

Question 64

Adults of filaria worms such as _____ stimulate proliferation of the cells of the lymphatic channels resulting to obstruction in the flow of lymph that leads to lymphedema and will manifests with swelling of the affected part of the body such as the lower extremities.

Answer 64

Wuchereria bancrofti

Question 65

_____ stimulates the bone marrow to produce plenty of phagocytes but reduces the ability to produce red blood cells at the same time.

Answer 65

Leishmania donovani

Question 66

Thus, persons who suffer from _____ develops anemia with increased number of white blood cells.

Answer 66

leishmaniasis

Question 67

The host tissue reaction to Entamoeba histolytica infection may result to _____ (fibrous tissue or scar) that may mimic a tumor and maybe mistaken for a cancer.

Answer 67

granuloma

Question 68

Adult intestinal fluke with the likes of____ , can produce intestinal obstruction - It also secretes metabolic wastes that may be absorbed leading to toxicity.

Answer 68

Fasciolopsis buski

Question 69

The larvae of _____ pass through the lungs sometime in its life cycle. - These larvae can stimulate the immune system and subsequent infections may produce allergic responses similar to bronchial asthma or urticaria

Answer 69

Ascaris lumbricoides

Question 70

The cyst of ______ , a tapeworm, aside from its ability to cause mechanical pressure on surrounding tissues where it is located

Answer 70

Echinococcus granulosus

Question 71

Hydatid disease due _____ larvae is treated by surgical removal of the cyst.

Answer 71

Echinococcus granulosus

Question 72

____ inside the patient’s eyes are also removed through a surgical procedure.

Answer 72

cysticercus larvae of Taenia solium

Question 73

Infections with organisms such as____ are effectively treated through administration of specific drug for the organism.

Answer 73

- Entamoeba histolytica - Ascaris lumbricoides - Trichuris trichiura - Giardia duodenalis - Trichomonas vaginalis