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PARASITOLOGY > Intro to para (week 1) > Flashcards

Intro to para (week 1) Flashcards

1
Q
  • branch of biology that deals with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism.

developed in the 19th century with the
discovery of protozoal infections in the intestines by James Annersley in which he described as amoebiasis in 1828

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

But the pathogenic amoeba, ______
was not discovered until 1873 by Friedrich Lösch

A

Entamoeba histolytica,

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3
Q

his was followed by the
discovery of an intestinal nematode _______ by James Paget in 1835 and
the human liver fluke by James McConnell in 1875.

A

Trichinella spiralis

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4
Q

totally dependent into another organism for survival and reproduction.

A

obligate parasites

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5
Q

also known as an opportunist, where they can assume either a free-living state or a parasitic state,

A

facultative parasites:

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6
Q

free-living organisms in nature that are parasitic to others but not to humans

whereby man may ingest and pass through the alimentary canal, excreted in feces, alive or dead, in their unchanged state.

A

Spurious parasites

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7
Q

he organism that harbors or supports the life and existence of a parasite is
called a_____

A

HOST

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8
Q

harbors the immature or larval forms of the parasite, or in some cases, is where asexual multiplication process takes place.

A

intermediate host

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9
Q

harbors the fully mature, or adult parasite, or where sexual reproduction takes place.

A

definitive or final host

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10
Q
  • domestic or wild animals that serve as repository of the parasite.
  • are important in spreading of
    infection.
A

Reservoir hosts

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11
Q

are not essential in the life cycle of the
parasite but carries the infective stage, which is developed in a host that is
important in the development of the parasite.

A

Transport or paratenic hosts

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12
Q

parasite can only grow and multiply in the body of a particular or specific host

A

Host

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13
Q

give and take relationship
exists in

A

symbiosis

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14
Q

A relationship that is beneficial to both organism is called

A

mutualism

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15
Q

If one organism derives benefits without reciprocating and/or
harming the other organism is called____

A

commensalism

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16
Q

____ exhibits different types of association with one another. Close association of two organisms

A

Lower form of organisms

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17
Q

attack, kill, and use the smaller ones (prey) for food.

A

Larger organism

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18
Q

animals that derive their nourishment from already dead ones either by devouring those that died of natural causes or taking the leftovers of the predators. known as_____

A

known as scavengers

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19
Q

inhabit the surface of the host’s body

A

Ectoparasites

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20
Q

Ectoparasites are those that inhabit the surface of the host’s body, and this
condition is called

A

infestation

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21
Q

those parasites that infect
inside the host.

A

endoparasites

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22
Q

The organism is given chance to enter the person’s body and the process of introducing the organisms into the host is called____

A

inoculation

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23
Q

pertains to the time of entry of a disease-causing organism into the body of the host until the earliest sign and/or symptom of the infection appear.

A

Clinical incubation period

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24
Q

the person who harbors such pathogenic organism is called.

  • is a silent source of infection to others.
A

carrier

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25
Q

Parasites have a specific developmental form, called the
- this stage can enter the body to initiate an infection
- may or may not cause pathologic damage.

A

infective stage.

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26
Q

the one that causes damage to the host.

A

Pathogenic stage,

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27
Q

Animals, more commonly insects,
transferring the parasites are called______

A

transmitters or vectors.

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28
Q

Vectors, which are
essential in the life cycle of the parasite, are called

A

biologic vectors

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29
Q

Vectors, which are not necessary in the life cycle are called

A

mechanical or phoretic vectors.

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30
Q

Person-to-person transfer is a common mode of transmission of infectious agents is called_____

A

horizontal transmission.

31
Q

When an unborn baby is infected with a parasite that came from the mother thru the placenta, the process
of which is_____

  • may result to congenital infections
A

vertical transmission

32
Q

Parasites that originated from animal are called

A

zoonotic infections

33
Q

A person may be reinfected with an organism he is already infected with is an autoinfection, which
may be via_____

A

retrograde migration

34
Q

Infections coming from another
source of the same species, like human-to-human, is called______

A

heterofection

35
Q

A person with more than one species of organism at the same time is suffering from_____

A

mixed infection

36
Q

some individuals think that they are infected with some bizarre parasite but, no such organism exists in their bodies.

A

delusional parasitosis

37
Q

Infective cyst of some protozoa such as_____ may be present in food or
beverage contaminated with fecal matter that came from an infected person.

A

Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia duodenalis

38
Q

Infective egg of some worms, like_____ may also be present in food and beverage aside from being deposited in the soil.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura

39
Q

Some individuals may ingest contaminated soil accidentally, or intentionally as in_____

A

geophagia

40
Q

a fluke, is acquired from eating certain species of snails.

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

41
Q

Parasites such as _____ are acquired through eating certain species of fish.

A

Capillaria philippinensis and Dibothriocephalus latus

42
Q

Individuals who are fond of eating raw beef or pork have higher chances of acquiring infections with______

A

Taenia saginata and Taenia solium,

43
Q

serve as vectors for malaria

A

Anopheles mosquitoes

44
Q

serve as vectors for malaria and some filaria worms such as_____

A
  • Wuchereria bancrofti
  • Brugia malayi
45
Q

Arthropods like fleas, maybe
present on domestic pets, are sources of infections with_____

A

Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepsis diminuta.

46
Q

Sexual contact with an infected individual is the usual
source of infection with______

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

47
Q

obviously, enter through the mouth,
which is most common portal of entry of parasites

A

Parasites that inhabit the intestinal tract

48
Q

Parasites that inhabit the intestinal tract, obviously, enter through the mouth, which is most common portal of entry of parasites. Examples include

A
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Trichuris trichiura
  • Taneia species
  • Enterobius vermicularis
  • Entameoba histolytica
  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Capillaria philippinesis
49
Q

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Hookworms

50
Q

Strongyloides sterocalis

A

Thread worm

51
Q

Schistoma japonicum

A

blood flukes

52
Q

introduced into the body thru percutaneous route by blood-sucking insects serving as vectors or transmitters.

A
  • Malaria parasites
  • filaria worms
  • leishmania
  • trypanosomes
53
Q

Infective eggs of pinworm

A

Enterobius vermicularis

54
Q

The infective larvae of ______ and species of ______ may
cause infection among babies of infected mothers via the breast milk.

A
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
  • Ancylostoma
55
Q

enters the body of an individual through the genital organs during
unprotected sexual intercourse

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

56
Q

Each pathogenic parasite utilizes one or more of the following mechanisms
to produce disease:

A
  1. trauma or physical damage
  2. lytic (liquefaction) necrosis
  3. stimulation of host’s tissue reaction ( cellular or immunologic)
  4. toxic and/or allergic response
57
Q

Ectoparasites such as ______ produce intense pruritus due to local
irritation of the person’s skin.

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

58
Q

cause local damage as they enter the host’s skin.

A

Infective larvae of hookworms, blood flukes and threadworms

59
Q

_____ may cause obstruction of the appendix, common bile duct, gall
bladder, and the intestine.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

60
Q

are cexamples of amoeba species that secrete proteolytic enzymes that can produce lysis or liquefaction of the host’s tissues.

A

Entamoeba histolytica and Balantidium

61
Q

may occur in any organ that the
parasite is able to invade such as the brain, lungs, and liver.

A

lytic process

62
Q

Obligate intracellular
parasites, such as species causing malaria, can produce ______ that
they infect.

A

lysis of red blood cells

63
Q

Eggs of schistosomes like_____ once in contact with tissues of organs such as the liver, stimulate the tissues leading to production of fibrosis or scar tissue.

A

Schistosoma japonicum

64
Q

Adults of filaria worms such as _____ stimulate proliferation of the cells of the lymphatic channels resulting to obstruction in the flow of lymph that leads to lymphedema and will manifests with swelling of the affected part of the body such as the lower extremities.

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

65
Q

_____ stimulates the bone marrow to produce plenty of phagocytes but reduces the ability to produce red blood cells at the same time.

A

Leishmania donovani

66
Q

Thus, persons who suffer from _____ develops anemia with increased
number of white blood cells.

A

leishmaniasis

67
Q

The host tissue reaction to Entamoeba histolytica infection may result to _____ (fibrous tissue or scar) that may mimic a tumor and maybe mistaken for a cancer.

A

granuloma

68
Q

Adult intestinal fluke with the likes of____ , can produce intestinal obstruction
- It also secretes metabolic wastes that may be absorbed leading to toxicity.

A

Fasciolopsis buski

69
Q

The larvae of _____ pass through the lungs sometime in its life
cycle.

  • These larvae can stimulate the immune system and subsequent infections may produce allergic responses similar to bronchial asthma or urticaria
A

Ascaris lumbricoides

70
Q

The cyst of ______ , a tapeworm, aside from its ability to cause mechanical
pressure on surrounding tissues where it is located

A

Echinococcus granulosus

71
Q

Hydatid disease due _____ larvae is treated by surgical removal of the cyst.

A

Echinococcus granulosus

72
Q

____ inside the patient’s eyes are also removed through a surgical
procedure.

A

cysticercus larvae
of Taenia solium

73
Q

Infections with organisms such as____ are effectively treated through administration of specific drug for the organism.

A
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Trichuris trichiura
  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
74
Q
A

PARASITOLOGY (8 decks)

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