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PARASITOLOGY > Entamoeba histolytica > Flashcards

Entamoeba histolytica Flashcards

1
Q
  • a commensal parasite that inhabits the
    cecum
  • distributed worldwide and more prevalent in warm that cold climates
  • Acquired through ingestion of mature, viable cyst present in unclean food and/or drinks.
  • Household insects and animals, like rodents and flies, may serve as phoretic (mechanical) vectors.
A

ENTAMOEBA COLI

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2
Q
  • Cytoplasm is “dirty-looking” due to plenty of vacuoles that contain ingested food particles as well as bacteria
  • Single nucleus
  • Sluggish and nondirectional motility when alive.
A

ENTAMOEBA COLI TROPHOZOITE

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3
Q
  • Multiple prominent nuclei
  • Cytoplasm is dirty-looking due to ingested bacteria.
  • Diagnostic Characteristic: Multiple prominent nuclei
A

CYST

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4
Q
  • Laboratory diagnosis includes the demonstration of cyst and/or trophozoite in fecal smears with/without stain.
  • To increase yield of positive result, concentration techniques may be used.
A

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

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5
Q
  • intended for E. histolytica infection will also eradicate the presence of E. coli as well as other fecal-borne organisms.
A

PREVENTON AND CONTROL

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6
Q

“large race” pertains to Entamoeba
histolytica, and “small race” is named as Entamoebahartmanni, which is widely distributed but more cases are in tropical- and subtropical regions of the world

  • Incidence of infection is higher in communities with high incidence of Entamoeba coli infection
  • Acquired through ingestion of mature, viable cyst present in unclean food and/or drinks.
A

ENTAMOEBA HARTMANNI

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7
Q
  • Single vesicular nucleus with coarse
    chromatin granules lining the inner part of the membrane and a large central
    karyosome in stained specimens.
  • Cytoplasm, without ingested red cells, has vacuoles that contain food particles or bacteria.
  • Motility in the living state is sluggish and slightly directional
A

ENTAMOEBA HARTMANNI TROPHOZOITE

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8
Q
  • 1 – 4 nuclei with features the same as those seen in trophozoite form
  • Cytoplasm is coarse and may contain glycogen mass. Chromatoidal bodies, if present, look like “rice-grains”.
  • Diagnostic Feature: Rice-grained chromotoidal bodies
A

ENTAMOEBA HARTMANNI CYST

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9
Q

a harmless commensal of the human
intestine that inhabits the cecum.

A

ENDOLIMAX NANA

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10
Q
  • Freshly-evacuate, living specimen shows “sluglike” motility.
  • Stained organism clearly shows the nucleus with large, irregular, and eccentric karyosome with very thin nuclear
    membrane without lining chromatin granules.
A

ENDOLIMAX NANA TROPHOZOITE

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11
Q

o Cross-eyed appearance of the 2 adjacent nuclei
o Comma-shaped chromotoidal bodies
o Ground glass cytoplasm

A

ENDOLIMAX NANA CYST

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12
Q

a harmless commensal that inhabits
the man’s cecum
- More prevalent in warm climates than cold countries.

A

IODAMOEBA BUTSCHLII

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13
Q
  • Single nucleus (unstained) is not prominent.
  • Cytoplasm with a large pinkish glycogen mass that is about ½ or 1/3rd of the size of the organism.
A

IODAMOEBA BUTSCHLII TROPHOZOITE

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14
Q
  • Usually with 1 nucleus
  • Cytoplasm has a large glycogen mass, more than ½ or about 2/3rd of the size of the organism, that stains deep mahogany
    brown with Lugol’s iodine
  • Diagnostic Characteristic: LARGE GLYCOGEN MASS ALMOST OCCUPYING THE SIZE OF THE ORGANISM.
A

IODAMOEBA BUTSCHLII CYST

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15
Q
  • a commensal, existing in the
    trophozoite form only, that inhabits the oral cavity.
  • Poor oral hygiene is favorable for growth.
  • Some observers believed that this parasite could multiply in bronchial mucus and may be recovered in sputum.
  • It was believed that it is transmitted through droplet spray from the mouth of infected persons to another during
    close contact such as kissing, or use of drinking glasses or utensils contaminated with saliva of infected persons.
  • non-pathogenic, it is frequently
    recovered (i.e., an incidental finding) from the mouths of people with pyorrhea alveolaris.
  • In female genitalia, it is oftentimes, associated with Actinomyces infection.
A

Entamoeba gingivalis

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16
Q

These parasites, classified under free-living amoeba, can cause disease among humans thus, more appropriately
called ______

  • They exist in the environment mainly in fresh, brackish, and salt water, moist soil, and decaying plants
A

opportunists

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17
Q

Opportunist amoeba may be classified under 2 genera, namely

A

Naegleria and Acanthamoeba

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18
Q

are classified as ameboflagellate,
whereby stages of development
consist of flagellate- and amoeboid
(non-flagellate) forms.

A

Naegleria

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19
Q

species do not have
flagellate forms

A

Acanthamoeba

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20
Q

causes primary amoebic
meningoencephalitis (PAM)

A

Naegleria fowleri

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21
Q

usually that of Acanthamoeba
culbertsoni) are also able to produce PAM but to a lesser extent than that of Naegleria.

A

Acanthamoeba species

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22
Q
  • Also known as the brain-eating amoeba.
  • This amoeba is commonly found in warm freshwater and soil.
  • People usually get infected when contaminated water enters
    the body through the nose.
    o It cannot cause infections from swallowing water contaminated with Naegleria.
A

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

23
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI first stage is

o This stage has amoeboid and flagellate forms, colonizes water and moist soil, and is the only stage demonstrated in the tissues of man

A

trophozoite.

24
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI second stage

A

cyst

25
Q
  • The Amoeboid form has an elongated anterior and distinctly tapered posterior end forming a single clear pseudopod at
    the forward end and a knoblike structure called uroid process, at the posterior end.
A

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI TROPHOZOITE

26
Q
  • The Flagellate form is pear-shaped with two flagella at the broader end.

The Amoeboid form has an elongated anterior and distinctly tapered posterior end forming a single clear pseudopod at
the forward end and a knoblike structure called ____ at the posterior end

o It may move forward rapidly or spin

A

uroid process

27
Q
  • the stage that forms in agar culture media and the one found in nature
  • It is spherical with a single nucleus.
A

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI CYST

28
Q

_____ is acquired through instillation of
trophozoite into the nose when the person swims in infected
bodies of water.
- The trophozoites can go into the brain via the olfactory nerve epithelium.
- Infection is dramatic

A

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

29
Q
  • Early diagnosis and treatment are important for surviva

-The recommended treatment for Naegleria infection is a
combination of _______

A

Amphotericin B and Miltefosine.

30
Q

The organism may be recovered from the _____ obtained through lumbar puncture, for which a small amount of _____ is
diluted with distilled water and observed through a hangingdrop preparation.

A

CSF

31
Q

Naegleria fowleri laboratory diagnosis preferred staining method

A

Iron-Hematoxylin or Wright’s staining

32
Q
  • Avoid contact with stagnant or thermal waters,
  • Adequate chlorination of public waters, including swimming facilities,
  • Salination of public water pools up to 0.7%, and
  • Public education.
A

Naegleria Fowleri prevention and control

33
Q
  • can be found in the soil, fresh,
    brackish and sea water, and dust in air. T
  • are also obtained from Jacuzzis, air-conditioning and
  • ventilating units, dialysis machines, and even contact lens.
A

Acanthamoeba species

34
Q

Even though Acanthamoeba species is widespread distribution, systemic infection occurs only

A

the immunocompromised population.

35
Q

The trophozoite is the active stage and the cyst is the resistant stage
- no flagellate form among species of____

A

Acanthamoeba species

36
Q

has an average size of 30μm. It contains a prominent nucleus and large nucleolus.

A

ACANTHAMOEBA CULBERTSONI TROPHOZOITE

37
Q

spherical, with slight irregular outline. It measures 20μm or more.

o It is double walled, with polyhedral inner cyst wall (endocyst) and smooth or slightly wrinkled outer wall (ectocyst).
o It has a centrally located nucleus with large, central karyosome.

A

ACANTHAMOEBA CULBERTSONI CYST

38
Q
  • has a broad, hyaline lobopodian and
    numerous delicate looking acanthopodia. The uroid process may be prominent.
  • The cytoplasm has a single and prominent contractile vacuole. It has a vesicular nucleus and centrally located endosome.
  • The average length is 23μm
A

ACANTHAMOEBA POLYPHAGA TROPHOZOITE

39
Q

double walled with polyhedral or stellate endocyst and wrinkled ectocyst.

A

ACANTHAMOEBA POLYPHAGA CYST

40
Q

elongated

A

ACANTHAMOEBA CASTELLANI TROPHOZOITE

41
Q

average diameter of 16μm.
o It has a polyhedral endocyst and a rippled or wrinkled ectocyst.

A

ACANTHAMOEBA CASTELLANI CYST

42
Q

measures 25 to 60μm.

o It has a conspicuous food vacuole, endoplasm and contains many small and yellowish refractile bodies.

A

ACANTHAMOEBA ASTRONYXIS TROPHOZOITE

43
Q

biconcave in shape with a folded ectocyst and stellate endocyst.

o Contains a single prominent nucleus.

A

ACANTHAMOEBA ASTRONYXIS CYST

44
Q

Species of Acanthamoeba produce_____

A

Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis (GAE)

45
Q

Involvement of the brain is secondary to infection elsewhere in the body via the blood stream.

A

ACANTHAMOEBA ASTRONYXIS PATHOGENESIS

46
Q

Ulcerated or broken skin, the eyes, genitourinary tract, and probably the lungs

A

Acanthamoeba Astronyxis portals of entry

47
Q

Central nervous system infections only, according to reports, was seen to occur more with _______

A
  • Acanthamoeba Culbertsoni
  • A. polyphaga
  • A. astronyxis
48
Q

_____ were found in cases of eye
infections only.

A

A. polyphaga and A. hatchetti

49
Q

Most cases of Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis (GAE) with eye infection were due to

A

A. castellani.

50
Q

Treatment for Acanthamoeba Astronyxis
- used in the early stages, and surgical
procedure are done for later stages to remove infected tissues.

A

Anti-infective drugs

51
Q

are effectively treated with topical miconazole, metronidazole, and neomycin.

A

Acanthamoeba eye infections

52
Q

Acanthamoeba laboratory diagnosis is through ______ in the CSF through hanging-drop preparation or recovery of
cysts and trophozoites in brain tissues.

A

identification of trophozoites

53
Q
A

PARASITOLOGY (8 decks)

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