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PARASITOLOGY > INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY & PROTOZOOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY & PROTOZOOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

The area of biology which is concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another.

A

PARASITOLOGY

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2
Q

Organisms depending on another living creatures for existence.

A

Parasite

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3
Q

Organism that supports or harbors a parasite

A

Host

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4
Q

Capable of transmitting the organism from one place to another.

A

Vector

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5
Q

Number of new infections in a population in a given period

A

Incidence

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6
Q
  • Totally dependent on another organism for survival and reproduction.
  • Without that particular organism, the parasites could die.
  • Malaria or blood and tissue nematodes that causes elephantiasis or lymphatic filariasis.
  • If the mosquito will be eradicated, the cycle would be over for the blood and tissue nematodes because the life cycle of the organism will happen partly from the man and partly from the mosquito.
  • Without the other, the parasite would not evolve
A

OBLIGATE PARASITES

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7
Q
  • Also known as an “opportunist/opportunistic”
  • Assume either a free-living state or a parasitic state.
A

FACULTATIVE PARASITES

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8
Q
  • Totally dependent on another organism for survival and reproduction.
A

INCIDENTAL PARASITES

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9
Q
  • Free-living organisms in nature that are parasitic to others but not in humans.
A

SPURIOUS PARASITES

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10
Q

TYPES OF HOSTS

A
  • INTERMEDIATE HOST
  • DEFINITIVE HOST
  • RESERVOIR HOST
  • ACCIDENTAL HOST
  • TRANSPORT HOST
  • CARRIER
  • HOST SPECIFICITY
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11
Q
  • In which the larval asexual phase of parasite development occurs
  • Harbors the immature or larval forms of the parasite.
A

INTERMEDIATE HOST

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12
Q
  • In which the adult sexual phase of parasite development occurs
  • harbors the fully mature, or adult parasite.
A

DEFINITIVE HOST

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13
Q
  • Harboring parasites that are parasitic for humans and form which humans may become infected.
  • are domestic or wild animals that serve as repository of the
    parasite.
  • are important in spreading of infection.
  • Man, in relation to parasites having reservoir host, is only incidentally involved and is not the natural host to the
    parasite.
A

RESERVOIR HOST

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14
Q

Other than the normal one that is harboring a parasite.

A

ACCIDENTAL HOST

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15
Q
  • Also known as paratenic hosts
  • Responsible for transferring a parasite from one location to another.
  • not essential in the life cycle of the parasite but carries the infective stage, which is developed in a host that is important in the development of the parasite
A

TRANSPORT HOST

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16
Q
  • Parasite harboring host that is not exhibiting any clinical symptoms but can infect others.
A

CARRIER

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17
Q
  • A parasite can only grow and multiply in the body of a particular or specific host.
  • Some parasites may need a particular kind of host for a specific stage of development.
  • The transformation or survival of a certain stage of development may not occur if the organism is in the body of
    a non-appropriate host.
A

HOST SPECIFICITY

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18
Q

VECTORS

A

MECHANICAL VECTOR and BIOLOGICAL VECTOR

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19
Q
  • Phoretic Vector
  • The parasite is only seen on the surface of this organism and
    there will be no development on the parasite.
  • Ex. Cockroaches or flies
A

MECHANICAL VECTOR

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20
Q
  • The parasite is seen inside the body of this organism and the
    parasite needs this organism for its development.
  • Ex. Mosquitoes and tsetse flies
A

BIOLOGICAL VECTOR

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21
Q

PARASITE-HOST RELATIONSHIP

A
  • SYMBIOSIS
  • COMMENSALISM
  • MUTUALISM
  • PARASITISM
  • INFECTIVE
  • PATHOGENIC
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22
Q
  • Living together
  • The association of two living organisms
A

SYMBIOSIS

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23
Q
  • The association between two different organisms in which one benefits and has a neutral effect on the other.
A

COMMENSALISM

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24
Q
  • Association of two different species of organism that is beneficial to both
A

MUTUALISM

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25
Q
  • Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to one at the other’s expense
A

PARASITISM

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26
Q
  • Parasite that has demonstrated the ability to initiate infection.
A

INFECTIVE

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27
Q
  • Parasite that has demonstrated the ability to cause disease.
A

PATHOGENIC

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28
Q

TYPES OF PARASITES ACCORDING TO THE MODE OF HABITAT

A
  • ECTOPARASITE
  • ENDOPARASITE
  • SAPROPHYTES
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29
Q
  • Parasite living outside the body of the host
  • Will not penetrate into the tissues
  • Living on the surface of the skin
  • Infestation
  • Ex. Head Lice, Surot, & garapata
A

ECTOPARASITE

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30
Q
  • Parasite living inside the body of the host
  • Living within the body of the host (infection)
  • Usually these are responsible to cause human infections
A

ENDOPARASITE

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31
Q
  • Lives I organic substances in state of decomposition
A

SAPROPHYTES

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32
Q
  • The act or process of inoculation
A

EXPOSURE

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33
Q
  • Animal parasites which are harmful, frequently causing local and systemic damage
A

PATHOGEN

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34
Q
  • Period between infection and evidence of symptoms
    Pre-patent Period and Clinical Incubation Period
A

INCUBATION PERIOD

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35
Q

The time from the entry of the organisms until they may be recovered in body fluids, tissues, or excretions without any manifestation yet

A

Pre-patent Period

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36
Q

The time of entry of a disease-causing
organism into the body of the host until the earliest sign or symptom of the infection appear

A

Clinical Incubation Period

37
Q
  • When an individual harboring a parasite is reinfected with the same species of parasite.
  • Two organisms but same species
A

SUPERINFECTION

38
Q
  • When the infected person is his own direct source of reexposure.
  • May be via retrograde migration of the infective form (retrofection) or through the outside part of the body (external
    autoinfection).
A

AUTOINFECTION

39
Q

A person with more than one species of organism at the
same time

A

MIXED INFECTION

40
Q
  • This stage can enter the body to initiate an infection.
  • The infective stage may or may not cause pathologic damage.
  • There are also other species of which the infective stage may
    also be the pathogenic form and vice versa.
A

INFECTIVE STAGE

41
Q
  • Is the one that causes damage to the host.
A

PATHOGENIC STAGE

42
Q
  • Person-to-person transfer is a common mode of transmission of infectious agents.
A

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION

43
Q
  • When an unborn baby is infected with a parasite that came from the mother thru the placenta.
A

VERTICAL TRANSMISSION

44
Q

Parasites that originated from animal

A

ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS

45
Q

Particular site of the body where the parasite prefers to enter

A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

46
Q

Acanthamoeba
CONTACT AND PENETRATION OF EYES

A

CONTACT AND PENETRATION OF EYES

47
Q
  • Acanthaamoeba
  • Enterobius
  • Naegleria
  • E. Vermicularis
A

INHALATION

48
Q
  • Ascaris
  • Balantidium
  • Cryptosporidium
  • Cyclospora
  • Echinococcus
  • Entamoeba
  • Enterobius
  • Fasciola
  • Giardia
  • Taenia
  • Toxoplasma
A

FECAL-ORAL, INGESTION

49
Q
  • Entamoeba
  • Gardia
  • Trichomonas
  • T. Vaginalis
A

SEXUAL CONTACT

50
Q
  • Ancylostoma
  • Necator
  • Schistosoma
A

CONTACT AND PENETRATION OF SKIN

51
Q
  • Kissing Bug – Trypanosoma
  • Mosquito – Plasmodium Wuchereria
  • Sand Fly – Leishmania
  • TseTse Fly - Trypanosoma
A

VECTOR-BORNE

52
Q
  • A. Lumbricoides
  • T. Trichuria
  • E. Vermicularis
  • E. Histolytica
  • G. Lamblia
  • C. Philippinensis
A

MOUTH

53
Q
  • N. Americanus
  • A. Duodenale
  • S. Stercolaris
  • S. Japonicum3
A

SKIN

54
Q
  • Malarial Parasites
  • Filarial Worms
  • Leishmania
  • Trypanosomes
A

PERCUTANEOUS

55
Q
  1. Trauma or Physical Damage
  2. Lytic (liquefaction) Necrosis
  3. Stimulation of host’s tissue reaction (cellular or
    immunologic)
  4. Toxic and/or allergic response
A

PATHOGENESIS OF PARASITIC INFECTION

56
Q

The adult worm of_____ may cause
obstruction of the appendix, common bile duct, gallbladder,
and the intestine.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

57
Q

______ examples of amoeba species that secrete proteolytic enzymes that can
produce lysis or liquefaction of the host’s tissues.

A

Entamoeba histolytica and Balantidium

58
Q

_____ may occur in any organ that the parasite is able to invade such as the brain,
lungs, and liver.

A

lytic process

59
Q

______ may be treated with chemotherapy,
through surgical intervention or a combination of both.

A

Infections with parasites

60
Q

due Echinococcus granulosus larvae is treated by surgical removal of the cyst.

A

Hydatid disease

61
Q
  • Unicellular
  • Can perform life processes using their organelles
A

PROTOZOA

62
Q
  • Multicellular
  • Have organ systems that perform complex processes of life
A

METAZOA

63
Q
  • Dormant or non-motile form
  • Transfer or infective form
  • More resistant than trophozoites
  • May be preserved using chemical agents
  • Semi or Formed stool
    = likely to be found in formed stool but
    may also be recovered in watery feces.
  • Encystation
  • Being more resistant than the trophozoite, cyst may be
    preserved using chemical agents such as 5 - 10% formalin.
  • Cysts may also be maintained, for a certain period of time in
    the laboratory (longer in refrigerator) even without a
    preservative
A

CYST

64
Q
  • Vegetative/Motile stage
    o Has locomotion organelles such as flagella, cilia, pseudopodia
  • Pathogenic Form
  • Easily destroyed by adverse conditions
    o strong chemicals, urine, changes in
    temperature, other organisms, and
    other physical, chemical, and biologic
    factors
  • Watery Stool
    -Trophozoites predominate in soft or watery fecal samples but can also be found in semi or formed stool.
  • Excystation
  • Stool samples suspected to contain trophozoites must be examined within 30 minutes after collection lest the
    organisms disintegrate and identification becomes very difficult, if not impossible.

may be preserved using polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA).

A

TROPHOZOITE

65
Q

Stool samples suspected to contain trophozoites must be examined within ______ after collection lest the organisms disintegrate and identification becomes very difficult, if not impossible

A

within 30 minutes

66
Q
  • Formation of cyst from trophozoite
  • Occurs when the organism is subjected to conditions, which are unsuitable for continued existence in the trophozoite
    stage.

happens in any other organs.

A

ENCYSTATION

67
Q

o Deficiency or overabundance of foods in the environment

o Accumulation of excessive waste products of metabolism of the parasite or other associated organisms such as bacteria

o Significant change in the pH of the surrounding medium

o Loss of water or desiccation of the medium

o Diminished or too much supply of oxygen

o Overpopulation

A

Conditions that favor encystation

68
Q

o when there is no significant morphologic
change after encystation and its aim is to
preserve the parasite such as when the
organism is about to be excreted.

o An example of an organism undergoing this type of encystation is Balantidium coli.

A

Protective Encystations

69
Q

o There is multiplication of the nucleus in the cyst form thus resulting to numerous daughter organisms when the parasite later transforms into the trophozoite stage.

o Such as in species like Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, and Giardia duodenalis.

A

Reproductive Encystations

70
Q
  • The process of producing trophozoites from cyst.
  • happens in the small intestine.
  • It is noteworthy that the last two conditions do not necessarily occur outside of the host’s body therefore favoring the organisms, especially the pathogenic amoeba, to produce
    disease among humans
A

EXCYSTATION

71
Q

o Osmotic changes in the surrounding medium
o Enzymatic action of the enclosed organism on
the inner surface of the cyst wall
o Favorable pH of the environment
o Enzymatic action of the host tissues to the
parasite.

A

EXCYSTATION FACTORS

72
Q
  • Contains the chromosome needed for life, reproduction, and transmission of the composition of the organism.
  • An aggregate mass of granules, inside the nucleus, is thekaryosome (nucleolus or endosome).
A

NUCLEUS

73
Q

The types of nuclei are:

A
  • Vesicular
  • Compact
74
Q

▪ with very large granular chromatinfilled karyosome and very scanty nucleoplasm making it appear that there is no more space betweennuclear membrane and karyosome.

▪ The macronucleus of Balantidium coli
is an example of compact nucleus.

A

Compact

75
Q

karyosome is within a large amount of
nucleoplasm and may have chromatin
particles arranged on an achromatic
network or chromatin granules lining the inner part of the nuclear
membrane.

▪ Vesicular nucleus is seen in
Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba
coli, and Endolimax nana.

A

Vesicular

76
Q

The relatively tough membrane, secreted by the ectoplasm
that envelops and protects the cyst form.

A

CYST WALL

77
Q

Is the interior of the cell where organelles are found. The
cytoplasm has two distinct portions, namely:

A

CYTOPLASM

78
Q

Densely granular part containing
nucleus, stored food, mitochondria,
Golgi apparatus, microsomes, and
endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Endoplasm (3a)

79
Q

▪ Less granular and more homogenous
part of the cytoplasm that envelops
the endoplasm.
▪ Functions of the ectoplasm include
locomotion, procurement of foods,
respiration, excretion, and protection.

A

Ectoplasm (3b)

80
Q
  • Semi-permeable limiting boundary of the trophozoite that controls in-take and output of nutrients, secretion, and
    excretion, and maintains the normal concentration of the
    plasma substance.
A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

81
Q

Pulsating vacuoles of various sizes seen in the endoplasm of some organisms, like Balantidium coli, 5 are presumed to
regulate the osmotic pressure within the cell.

A

CONTRACTILE VACUOLES

82
Q
  • Are structures in the endoplasm of some protozoa that serve as food to the parasite.

usually seen in the cyst

A

FOOD INCLUSION BODIES

83
Q

Synthesis of food occurs in the endoplasm and may be
stored as:

A

chromatoidal bodies and glycogen mass

84
Q

ain content is
protein

A

chromatoidal bodies

85
Q

contains carbohydrates

A

glycogen mass

86
Q
  • Some protozoa have a specialized “cell mouth” called
    cytostome (7a) and/or cell anus, the cytopyge (7b).
  • Trophozoites of ciliates commonly have these structures.
A

CYTOSTOME AND CYTOPYGE

87
Q

d

LOCOMOTION ORGANELLES

  • Among amoeba, the plasma membrane is without constant shape and changes its form through extension and retraction
    of temporary, finger-like structures called ________ within the cytoplasm and constant whipping movement enables the parasite to move
A

pseudopodia (8a) and parabasal body, (8d)

88
Q

LOCOMOTION ORGANELLES

A small part of the flagellum, inside the cell wall, connected to the kinetoplast, is the

A

axoneme (8e)

89
Q

Ciliophora have numerous short, thread-like structures called ____ arising from ______ which are within
the ectoplasm and are distributed throughout the entire
surface of the parasite’s body

A

cilia (8f)____ arising from basal granules (8g)

PARASITOLOGY (8 decks)

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