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Protozoans Flashcards

1
Q

9+2 organization

A

nine pairs of microtubules that form a tube around two lone microtubules

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2
Q

Actin

A

a globular multi-functional protein (found in muscle cells)

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3
Q

Aboebozoa

A

a protist that whose autapomorphy is the presence pf pseudopodia (used for locomotion and feeding)

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4
Q

Apicomplexa

A

parasitic protists containing an plastid-like organelle called an apicoplast

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5
Q

Archaeplastida

A

supergroup of double membraned protists that compromise red and green algae

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6
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

reproduction that creates each generation genetically identical

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7
Q

Alveolate

A

a protist containing closely packed sacs under the cell membrane called alveoli (includes ciliata, apicomplexa, dinoflagellata, foraminifera)

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8
Q

Basal body

A

protein structure anchoring at the base a cilia or flagella

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9
Q

Bikont

A

eukaryotic cell with two flagella; thought to be the ancestor of all plants

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10
Q

Binary fission

A

asexual reproductive process where the genetic material duplicates and the cell splits in two

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11
Q

Cellular creeping (gliding)

A

bacterial movement by slow or creeping movements on the surface of the substrate

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12
Q

centriole

A

cylinders found near the nucleus to which spindle fibres attach (used for cell division)

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13
Q

centrosome

A

pair of centrioles found at the nucleus

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14
Q

choanocyte

A

cell w/ flagella that forms choanoderm, a dermal layer in sponges (collar cells) surrounded by microvilli

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15
Q

chromalveolata

A

eukaryote supergroup

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16
Q

cilia

A

vibrating hairlike structure found on cells used for locomotion and/or sensory organelle

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17
Q

ciliophora

A

phylum of protists that have an elaborate cytoskeleton, cilia, and two different kinds of nucleii

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18
Q

cirrus

A

a slender hairlike filament, such as the appendage of a barnacle, the barbel of a fish, or the intromittent organ of an earthworm (found in both vertebrates and invertebrates)

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19
Q

colonial choanoflagellate

A

free-living unicellular collared flagellates eukaryotes having a funnel shaped collar of interconnected microvilli at the base of a flagellum

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20
Q

conjugation

A

Conjugation is the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell. The transferred DNA is a plasmid, a circle of DNA that is distinct from the main bacterial chromosome

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21
Q

contractile vacuole

A

a vacuole in some protozoans that expels excess liquid on contraction

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22
Q

cytopharynx

A

a channel leading from the surface into the protoplasm of some unicellular organisms and functioning in ciliates as a gullet

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23
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin

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24
Q

cytoproct

A

the anal opening of a unicellular organism

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25
dyenin arm
a structure extending clockwise from one tubule of each of the nine pairs of microtubules toward the adjacent pair in the axoneme of cilia or flagella
26
ectoplasm
the more viscous, clear outer layer of the cytoplasm in amoeboid cells
27
endomembrane system
system composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles
28
Endoplasm
the more granular, fluid inner layer of the cytoplasm in amoeboid cells
29
Endosimbiont Theory
the theory stating that several key organelles were ingested (and not digested, but used) by host organism (including chloroplasts, mitochondria, and others)
30
Euglenozoa
bikont flagellate protozoa including the euglenids and kinetoplastids
31
Excavata
Heterotrophic protists with two flagella (bikont). One of these flagella is used to create a water current to consume food by phagocytosis, the other extended forward.
32
Eye Spot
Found in the autotrophic protist Euglena, the eye spot is used to locate light (a very useful adaptation).
33
Flagella
A noodle-like structure found at the end of some unicellular organisms, composed of microtubules surrounded by the cell membrane. Flagella are used for locomotion and/or feeding. We classify organisms either by one flagella (unikont) or two (bikont).
34
Food vacuole
Membrane bound sac of nutrients ingested by the cell, contained, and later digested (Digestion : fuses with a lysosome which releases digestive enzymes to break down the food)
35
Gametocyte
A cell that divides by meiosis to become a gamete
36
Gametogony
A stage in the life cycle of sporozoans in which gametes are formed, often by schizogony
37
Helicoid flagellar beat
flagella beating in a spiral pattern
38
Hyaline cap
Clear, transparent (granule-free) zone at the front of a moving amoeba.
39
Kinesin Motor
Transporter protein that moves towards the positive end of a microtubule.
40
Kinetodesmata
Longitudinally oriented cytoplasmic fibrils associated with the kinetosomes of ciliates. (see diagram on slide 36
41
Lobose pseudopod
Type of pseudopod consisting of both ectoplasm and endoplasm; large, thick, and blunt-ended
42
Lysosome
an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane
43
Macronucleus
One of two types of dimorphic nuclei found in ciliate protozoans. The macronucleus contains multiple copies of the genome (polyploid) and is responsible for general protozoan cell function. The other type of nucleus is the micronucleus
44
Membranelles
One of two types of dimorphic nuclei found in ciliate protozoans. The macronucleus contains multiple copies of the genome (polyploid) and is responsible for general protozoan cell function. The other type of nucleus is the micronucleus
45
Merozoites
part of the plasmodium life cycle. This is the stage that invades the red blood cells
46
Metachronal wave
During the coordination of the ciliary movement, bands, or groups of cilia, are at different stages of their beating pattern, and this creates a wavelike appearance to the movement of the cilia on the surface of the organism
47
Micronuclei
One of two types of dimorphic nuclei found in ciliate protozoans. The single micronucleus contains only one copy of the genome and is used during the reproductive cell divisions. The other nuclear type is the macronucleus
48
Microtubules
filamentous intracellular structures that are responsible for various kinds of movements in all eukaryotic cells. Microtubules are involved in nucleic and cell division, organization of intracellular structure, and intracellular transport, as well as ciliary and flagellar motility
49
Microvilli
Small, fingerlike projections of the cell surface that increase the surface area available for exchange
50
Multiple fission
Form of cell division where a single parent cell divides and produces more than two daughter cells. When only two daughter cells are produced, the process is referred to as binary fission
51
Myonemes
Strands of contractile myofibers found in single cells. These allow the cell, or a portion of the cell, to contract in length and change its shape
52
Myosin motor
protein that uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to move along actin filaments. Used for cellular transport.
53
Nuclear envelope
the double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells
54
Oocyst
a cyst containing a zygote formed by a parasitic protozoan such as the malaria parasite.
55
Opisthokont
One of the two unikont protist groups (the other is Ameobozoa). Opisthokonts (opistho=behind, konts=pole or flagellum) have flattened mitochondrial cristae and a single flagellum located at the posterior end of the cell. The flagellum is smooth, without any lateral hairs, scales, or vanes. The microtubular organizing complex of the flagellum has paired centrioles. Although most opisthokonts have a flagellum throughout their life cycle, a few species have a flagellum only during parts of the life cycle, and some have lost the flagellum entirely
56
Pellicle
The network of semirigid cell membrane thickenings found on the surface of some protozoans. These are used to anchor either the locomotory flagella or cilia into the surrounding plasma membrane
57
Phagocytosis
Cellular ingestion; engulfing food particles or foreign bodies by surrounding them with cytoplasm and forming a membrane-bound vesicle or vacuole containing the particle
58
Phagosome
membrane bound food vacuoles formed by endocytosis
59
Pinocytosis
Cellular ingestion; engulfing food particles or foreign bodies by surrounding them with cytoplasm and forming a membrane-bound vesicle or vacuole containing the particle
60
Planar flagellar beat
the way the flagella moves. The motion starts at the base, and is propagated away from the cell in a standing wave. The motion occurs in a single plane and is whip-like
61
Protista
Organisms in the kingdom Protista are commonly called protists and identified by their unicellular, eukaryotic cell organization. This differentiates the protists from other unicellular groups: the prokaryotic bacteria and archeans. Typically, protists are microscopic in size, but some forms can be quite large
62
Protozoa
Single-celled organisms, in the kingdom Protista, that exhibit the animal-like characteristic of having to feed to obtain nutrients. They are considered heterotrophic
63
Pseudopod
A cytoplasmic extension that extends from the surface of either a protozoan or any amoeboid cell. These structures are temporary and are used for locomotion and feeding
64
Radiozoa
(also called Radiolaria) protozoa that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with an intracellular, porous, “glassy” silica test that separates the cytoplasm into two compartments
65
Rhizaria
The supergroup Rhizaria includes the shelled, testate, protists with fine needlelike pseudopods that occur in a variety of forms
66
Schizogony
A form of asexual reproduction found in some protozoans. An already multinucleated cell undergoes cell division that results in each daughter cell containing only one of the many nuclei present in the parent cell. This is also referred to as multiple fission
67
Sexual reproduction
a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm. Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of normal cells
68
Sliding microtubule hypothesis
that the microtubule arrangement in cilia and flagellum allows the energy from ATP to be used for changing the shape of the cilium or flagellum to accomplish movement
69
Sporogony
A form of asexual reproduction where the fusion product of the male and female gamete (the zygote) undergoes multiple cell divisions that produce sporozites. Found in animals in the protozoan phylum Apicomplexa
70
Sporozoites
Result of sporogony. During the life cycle of malaria, the sporozoites are produced as a result of sporogony beneath the stomach lining of the mosquito. They then migrate to the salivary gland of the mosquito and are injected into the human host
71
Supergroup
New nomenclature. This new nomenclature, which includes ranks within supergroups, intentionally avoided the designation of phylum and class, which imply certain relationships and carry “baggage” related to when and how a name can be and has been used in the past. The use of phylum and class would be a potential point of confusion, and the new nomenclature purposely avoided them
72
Syngamy
the fusion of two cells, or of their nuclei, in reproduction
73
Synkaryon
forms from the fusion of micronuclei in each conjugant during conjugation
74
Tests
An outer, nonliving shell or case that surrounds an organism
75
Trichocysts
Organelle fired by some ciliates in defense; also used to anchor the ciliate in place
76
Trophozoites
Occurs during the malaria life cycle. Trophozoites undergo schizogony in the red blood cells of the host. When the red blood cells explode, they are released as merozoites
77
Tubulin
: the major building block of microtubules. This intracellular cylindrical filamentous structure is present in almost all eukaryotic cells
78
Undulipodia
Generic term for cilia and flagella. Singular, undulipodium
79
Unikont
Eukaryotic cell with a single phagellum
80
Water expulsion vesicle
Special organelles found in protozoan and some parazoans that is involved in osmoregulation. The organelle collects water from the cytoplasm and then releases it from the cell. They are also called contractile vacuoles

BIO2135 Keywords (12 decks)

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