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BIO2135 Keywords > Porifera > Flashcards

Porifera Flashcards

1
Q

Aboral side

A

The oral/anterior end of an animal

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2
Q

Amebocyte

A

A mobile cell (moving like an amoeba with pseudopoda) in the body of invertebrates like echinoderms, mollusks, tunicates or sponges.

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3
Q

Animalia

A

Kingdom also known as Metozoa, animalia are heterotrophic and eukaryotic organisms, multicellular lacking a cell wall.

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4
Q

Apomorphy

A

A derived trait; a trait that a particular species and its ancestors all carry.

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5
Q

Aquiferous System

A

A system of canals created by the tubed feet, characteristic of the porifera. Used to capture choanocytes and pump food. Can be arranged in asconoid, syconoid and leunocoid form.

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6
Q

Archaeocyte

A

amoebocyte cells found in sponges that are totipotent (have the capability of maturing into various different types of cells based on its needs)

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7
Q

Asconoid

A

Type of Aquiferous system where small and tube shaped, water enters the sponge through dermal pores and flows into the atrium. A choanocyte flagella creates the current to expel it through a single osculum.

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8
Q

Asymmetric Body Plan

A

Characteristic of porifera, the body plan has no line of symmetry.

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9
Q

Autapomorphies

A

Derived trait (distinct anatomical feature) that defines a taxon.

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10
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

A body plan in which the left and right sides of the organism are roughly the mirror image of one another.

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11
Q

Budding

A

A form of asexual reproduction where a small part of the body separates from the parent and develops into a complete organism.

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12
Q

Cellular Grade

A

Porifera are organized at a cellular grade and are not yet considered true tissues, as they have no structures for cell-to-cell communication.

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13
Q

Choanocyte

A

(also called the collar cell) A single-celled protist ancestor to fungi and animals with a ring of microvilli surrounding the flagellum, which is used for transport and feeding.

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14
Q

Choanocyte chamber

A

Any cavity lined by choanocytes and located between inhalant and exhalant systems

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15
Q

Choanoderm

A

Cell lining of the cavity made by choanocyte cells.

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16
Q

Cladistics

A

A method of classification of animals and plants according to the proportion of measurable characteristics that they have in common.

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17
Q

Cladogram

A

A branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.

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18
Q

Collagen

A

The main structural protein found in animal connective tissue.

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19
Q

Dioecious

A

Having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals.

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20
Q

Eukaryote

A

Cells with nuclei.

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21
Q

Fragmentation

A

Method of asexual reproduction where an organism splits its body (fragments it) and regenerates the missing body parts.

22
Q

Gemmule

A

A tough-coated dormant cluster of embryonic cells produced by a freshwater sponge for development in more favorable conditions.

23
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

An organism having both male and female sex organs or other sexual characteristics.

24
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism needing to ingest its food.

25
Q

Incurrent canal

A

Internal opening of a sponge through which water flows from the incurrent canal into a radial canal or flagellated chambers

26
Q

Incurrent pore

A

Incurrent pores or ostia are the openings through which water first enters a sponge. These can be formed by one or more cells.

27
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

The final breakdown of ingested food into components small enough to be absorbed across the cell membrane; occurs inside the cells of the digestive tract. Digestive enzymes may be secreted for initial breakdown of the meal, but phagocytosis ultimately occurs, and nutrients are absorbed across the membrane of the phagosome into the cell.

28
Q

Leuconoid

A

The most complex of the three different sponge architectures. Choanocytes are found in chambers, and there is no spongocoel. Water enters incurrent canals to the prosopyles and exits the chambers through apopyles, then excurrent canals and the osculum

29
Q

Mesophyl

A

Gelatinous matrix between the two layers of cells in the body wall of the sponge. Contains spicules and amebocytes but is not homologous with mesoderm

30
Q

Metazoa

A

True multicellular organisms that exhibit all the characteristics of animals. They have cells, tissues, and organs

31
Q

Monophyletic

A

A group of organisms, including the ancestor to that group, that all share a common evolutionary line of descent

32
Q

Oral side

A

: In radially symmetric animals there is no anterior, posterior, left or right sides to the animal. Instead, we refer to the two sides of the animal by the location of the mouth. In this case the side where the mouth is found

33
Q

Osculum

A

a large aperture in a sponge, through which water is expelled

34
Q

Out group

A

a group of organisms that serve as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationship among three or more monophyletic groups of organisms. The outgroup is used as a point of comparison for the ingroup—the set of organisms under study that specifically allows the phylogeny to be rooted

35
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor are said to be monophyletic. A paraphyletic group is a monophyletic group from which one or more subsidiary clades (monophyletic groups) is excluded to form a separate group

36
Q

Parazoa

A

Animals organized at the cellular grade. They lack tissues; evidence of this is the absence of a basement membrane or tight cell junctions between the cells. Usually includes Porifera and Placozoa

37
Q

Parismony

A

a hypothesis of relationships that requires the smallest number of character changes is most likely to be correct

38
Q

Pinacocyte

A

Flattened cells that cover the surface of a sponge. Collectively they form the pinacoderm

39
Q

Pinacoderm

A

Outer layer of pinacocyte cells in a sponge. It is not a tissue, only a layer of cells

40
Q

Polyphyletic

A

A taxon that includes animals from two or more distinct evolutionary lineages and may not include the ancestor of either. (Compare to monophyletic.)

41
Q

Porifera

A

Phylum of organisms characterized by having totipotent cells but no tissues, the development of a unique aquiferous system that uses choanocytes and an asymmetric body plan

42
Q

Porocyte

A

Phylum of organisms characterized by having totipotent cells but no tissues, the development of a unique aquiferous system that uses choanocytes and an asymmetric body plan

43
Q

Radial canal

A

Finger-like projections in a sponge, lined with choanocytes

44
Q

Sclerocyte

A

The type of cell producing spicules in sponges

45
Q

Sister group

A

Pair of taxa that are the closest phylogenetic relatives of each other

46
Q

Spicules

A

Any needlelike structure. This term is most often thought of in conjunction with sponges and refers to the needlelike structures produced by sponge cells that form the supporting skeleton. In Nematodes spicules are used by the male during copulation. Needlelike deposits of the shell in Mollusca are also referred to as spicules

47
Q

Spongin

A

Collagenlike material that forms the skeletal system of some sponges

48
Q

Spongocoel

A

The internal cavity of asconoid and syconoid sponges that opens to the outside through the osculum. There is no spongocoel in a leuconoid sponge

49
Q

Syconoid

A

Of the different sponge architectures, this is intermediate in its complexity. The spongocoel is no longer lined with choanocytes, now located in radial canals that open to the spongocoel through apopyles. Water enters the radial canals through prosopyles and exits through a single osculum

50
Q

Symplesiomorphies

A

an ancestral character or trait state shared by two or more taxa

51
Q

Synapomorphies

A

A new and unique character that a group of organisms all share and that defines the lineage or clade

52
Q

Totipotent cells

A

When a differentiated cell can change into any one of a variety of different specialized cells found in an organism. These changes will result in the cell carrying out new functions

BIO2135 Keywords (12 decks)

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