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BIO2135 Keywords > Platyheminthes > Flashcards

Platyheminthes Flashcards

1
Q

Acetabulum

A

Cup-shaped structure, especially a sucker

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2
Q

Acoelomate

A

Organisms that have lost their coelom, resulting in spongy and porous mesh through which fluids readily move acting as a circulatory system

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3
Q

Adhesive gland

A

Gland in which secreted fluids will help the flatworm stick to its host.

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4
Q

Auricle

A

Small bundles of nerves found on the heads of flatworms (giving them their strange shape), function as sensory organs to distinguish which side a stimulus is coming from

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5
Q

Bilateria

A

Organisms with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers

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6
Q

Blastopore

A

The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes

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7
Q

Blastula

A

An early form of an embryo undergoing developmental processes, such as (spiral or radial) cleavage. It is marked by the presence of blastocoel and cells made up of around 128 cells

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8
Q

Cercaria

A

a free-swimming larval stage in which a parasitic fluke passes from an intermediate host (typically a snail) to another intermediate host or to the final vertebrate host

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9
Q

Cerebral ganglion

A

one of a pair of ganglia situated in the head or anterior part of the body in many invertebrates in front of or dorsal to the esophagus; also : a median ganglion formed by the fusion of such a pair

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10
Q

Chemoreception

A

Sensory function for flatworms translating a chemical signal into an action potential

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11
Q

Circular muscle

A

Muscle layer encircling the body between the epidermis and longitudinal muscle layer

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12
Q

Coelom

A

A fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by tissue created from the mesoderm

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13
Q

Cysticercus

A

A larval tapeworm that is at a stage in which the scolex is inverted in a sac, and that is typically found encysted in the muscle tissue of the host

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14
Q

Definitive host

A

The host in which a parasite reproduces sexually

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15
Q

Deuterostomia

A

Group of animals containing true body cavities (coelom), blastopore anus, radial cleavage, mesodoerm and coelom form from outgrowths of the primitive gut

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16
Q

Diverticulum

A

An abnormal pouch or sac opening from a hollow organ

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17
Q

Dorsoventral muscle

A

Muscles going from back to front (belly and back) of the body

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18
Q

Dual gland adhesive organ

A

Viscid gland cells fasten microvilli of anchor cells to the substrate; secretions of releasing gland cells provide a quick chemical detachment

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19
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

Syperphylum with organisms that develop a three-layered cuticle which they later will shed and grow back

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20
Q

Ectoderm

A

The outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the epidermis and nerve tissue

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21
Q

Ectoparasite

A

A parasite, such as a flea, that lives on the outside of its host

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22
Q

Endoderm

A

(AKA gastroderm) inner cell lining used for digestion

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23
Q

Endoparasite

A

A parasite, such as a tapeworm, that lives inside its host

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24
Q

Enterocoel

A

A coelom or coelomic cavity, present in some invertebrates, which has developed from the wall of the archenteron

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25
Q

Euceolomate

A

Any of the animals with “true” coelom, which is characterized by a body cavity completely lined with a peritoneum that attaches to organ

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26
Q

Eye cup

A

In planaria, a primitive eye that detects light and its direction

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27
Q

Flame cell

A

one of the hollow cells terminating the branches of the excretory tubules of certain invertebrates, having a tuft of continuously moving cilia

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28
Q

Gastrulation (Gastrula)

A

The process in which a metazoan embryo in an early state of germ layer formation following the blastula stage, consisting of a cuplike body of two layers of cells, the ectoderm and endoderm, enclosing a central cavity, or archenteron, that opens to the outside by the blastopore: in most animals progressing to the formation of a third cell layer, the mesoderm.

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29
Q

Gravid proglottid

A

One of the segments or joints of a tapeworm, containing complete reproductive systems, usually both male and female

30
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

Having both male and female reproductive organs

31
Q

Incomplete gut

A

A digestive cavity having only one opening (therefore the food and digestive wastes enter and exit the same opening)

32
Q

Intermediate host

A

The host of a flatworm in which asexual reproduction occurs

33
Q

Larval amplification

A

The process in which larva of a parasitic flatworm are reproduced and amplified in number

34
Q

Lateral nerve chord

A

Nerve cord running down the “belly” of the organism

35
Q

Longitudinal muscle

A

Used as antagonist muscles of the circular muscles for locomotion

36
Q

Locotrophozoa

A

A taxa of protostome animals. It comprises two groups, the trochozoans and the lophophorata

37
Q

Mehlis’ gland

A

Glandular cells surrounding the ootype in trematodes and cestodes. Its role is unclear. It may be involved in formation of the eggshell, lubricating the egg as it moves from to ootype into the uterus, or its secretions may activate the sperm for fertilization

38
Q

Mesoderm

A

The third cell layer that develops in the gastrula between the ectoderm and endoderm in triploblastic animals. Mesoderm develops into muscle, connective tissues, and bones, as well as blood and other components of the vascular system

39
Q

Metacercaria

A

Encysted stage of the trematode fluke’s life cycle. It is not present in all life cycles but when it is, it follows the cercaria and forms a dormant cyst. This cyst, often in fish, is consumed by the definitive host. The adult stage follows the metacercaria

40
Q

Miracidium

A

The ciliated stage that hatches from the egg of a trematode fluke and then invades the first intermediate host, usually a snail, where it develops into a sporocyst

41
Q

Monoecious

A

Organisms that have, at some time during their life, both male and female reproductive structures. This is the opposite of dioecious

42
Q

Nephridiopore

A

External openings to nephridia (protonephridia and metanephridia) in invertebrate excretory systems

43
Q

Ootype

A

Parts of the oviduct in flatworms with openings to the vitelline gland, Mehlis’ gland, and seminal receptacle

44
Q

Ovary

A

a female reproductive organ in which eggs are produced

45
Q

Ovidult

A

(flatworm anatomy diagram) connects the ovary to the yolk gland

46
Q

Parenchyma

A

Mesenchyme cells that form a spongy mass surrounding the internal organs and other acoelomate invertebrates

47
Q

Pharynx

A

The region of the digestive tract between the mouth and esophagus. In most animals it is muscular and forces food into the digestive tract that lies behind it

48
Q

Platyzoa

A

The infrakingdom of animals that have three tissue layers but lack a coelom. Molecular evidence supports the taxon that includes Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Gnathostomulida, Rotifera, and the recently discovered Cycliophora

49
Q

Preadaptation

A

when an organism has adapted for life in conditions it has yet to encounter

50
Q

Proglottid

A

Serially repeating segmentlike structures found in tapeworms that contain the reproductive organs. Immature proglottids are continually added at the scolex, and the most mature proglottids, containing thousands of eggs, are found the farthest from the scolex

51
Q

Protonephridia

A

Osmoregulatory-excretory structure found in some invertebrates. Also called a flame-cell, this tubule is closed at its distal end. The beating of internal cilia pull water across the cell membrane and then propels it down the tubule

52
Q

Protostomia

A

Phyla that share common characteristics of the blastopore forming the mouth, spiral determinate cellular cleavage in the embryo, and the formation of the body cavity by schizocoely

53
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Animals that have a body cavity that is not completely lined by mesoderm. In the past these organisms were referred to as the phylum Aschelminthes but this is no longer considered acceptable because there is no apparent common ancestor to the group

54
Q

Radial cleavage

A

During development as the cells of the zygote divide, the products of the cell division remain stacked directly on top of each other

55
Q

Radial symmetry

A

When an organism’s body parts are arranged around the oral-aboral axis so that any plane passing through this axis results in two identical halves

56
Q

Redia

A

A stage in the life cycle of trematode flukes. The redia in the intermediate host develop from germ cell in the sporocyst. Redia also contain numerous germ cells that will develop in cercaria, an example of larval amplification

57
Q

Releaser gland

A

Gland in flatworms that produces chemicals that helps them unstick from the substrate.

58
Q

Rhabdite

A

Found in the epithelium of free-living flatworms, and when released dissolve to produce mucus, which may also help in defense because it contains toxic chemicals

59
Q

Schizocoel

A

A true body cavity that forms by schizocoelus splitting of the mesoderm. (Schizocoelus is one of two ways that a body cavity forms within the mesoderm. (The other is enterocoelic pouching.) The block of mesoderm splits apart to create the coelomic space, a characteristic of the protostomes.)

60
Q

Scolex

A

This unique attachment organ of the tapeworms is the most anterior part of the animal and is used to attach to the host. It consists of adhesive suckers and, in some species, hooks. Proglottids develop from behind the scolex

61
Q

Seminal receptacle

A

Part of the female reproductive system where sperm received from the male during mating is stored and later used to fertilize the eggs

62
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

In invertebrates, part of the male reproductive tract where sperm is stored prior to mating

63
Q

Sperm duct

A

The tube the sperm travel down from the testis to the seminal vesicle

64
Q

Spiral cleavage

A

Pattern of cell division in the developing embryo where the products of the cell divisions shift by rotating either clockwise or counterclockwise so that the resulting daughter cells lie in the furrow of the underlying pair of cell. The opposite of radial cleavage.

65
Q

Spiralia

A

Taxon of animals with spiral embryonic cleavage of the cells during early development

66
Q

Sporocyst

A

A stage in the life cycle of trematode flukes. The sporocyst develops from the mericidium found in the intermediate host. Each sporocyst contains the germ cells that will develop into numerous rediae, an example of larval amplification

67
Q

Syncytium

A

Protoplasm that contains numerous nuclei not separated from each other by plasma membrane. This creates a multinucleate cellular appearance for a tissue that appears to lack cell boundaries

68
Q

Teguement

A

The outer covering of parasitic flatworms, including flukes and tapeworms, consisting of a syncytial outer layer of cytoplasm connected to cell bodies embedded deep in the underlying protective mesenchyme

69
Q

Testis

A

(see flatworm anatomy diagram) Male reproductive organs that produce sperm

70
Q

Triploblastic

A

Organisms formed from the three cell layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.

71
Q

Yolk (vitelline) glands

A

Gland in many invertebrates that provision the egg with yolk, which supplies the developing embryo with nutrients

BIO2135 Keywords (12 decks)

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