PROTOZOAN (Coccidia) Flashcards by Janus Palermo

Alternation of generation occurs in the same host:

Monoxenous

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Alternation of generation occurs in different hosts:

Heteroxenous

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Plasmodium species
Intermediate host:
Definitive host:

Plasmodium species
Intermediate host: Humans
Definitive host: Mosquito

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Plasmodium species
Sexual stage:
Asexual stage:

Plasmodium species
Sexual stage: Mosquito
Asexual stage: Humans

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Malaria type of P. falciparum:

Malignant tertian malaria
- Blackwater fever

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Malaria type of P. vivax:

Benign tertian malaria

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Malaria type of P. malariae:

Quartan malaria

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Malaria type of P. ovale:

Tertian malaria

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Malaria type of P. knowlesi:

Quotidian malaria

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Plasmodium species that has TRUE RELAPS:

P. vivax
P. ovale

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Plasmodium species that infect young/immature RBCs:

P. vivax
P. ovale

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Plasmodium species that infect old/senescent RBCs:

P. malariae

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Plasmodium species that infect all ages of RBCs:

P. falciparum
P. knowlesi

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Inclusion/stippling present in. P. falciparum:

Maurer’s

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Inclusion/stippling present in. P. vivax:

Shuffner’s

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Inclusion/stippling present in. P. malariae:

Ziemann’s

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Inclusion/stippling present in. P. ovale:

Jame’s/Shuffner’s

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Inclusion/stippling present in. P. knowlesi:

Stinton and Mulligan’s

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Ring forms (young troph):

Delicate small ring with 2 chromatin dot; applique forms present

P. falciparum

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Ring forms (young troph):

1/3 of cell diameter’ heavy chromatin dot

P. vivax

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Ring forms (young troph):

Larger and more amoeboid than P. vivax

P. ovale

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Ring forms (young troph):

Resembles falciparum applique, 2 chromatin dots:

P. knowlesi

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Amoeboid form Trophozoites:

P. vivax

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Band shaped trophozites:

P. malariae
P. knowlesi

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Ring shape trophozoites:

P. ovale

Schizonts fill the entire RBC

P. vivax

Schizontes: Rosette or daisy head; Evenly distributed

P. malariae

Schizonts: Rosette or irregular cluster (irregular distribution)

P. ovale

Plasmodium species that has crescent or sausage-shaped gametocytes:

P. falciparum

Rounded/ oval gametocytes with homogenous cytoplasm:

P. vivax P. malariae P. ovale P. knowlesi

What causes true relapse?

Reactivation of HYPNOZOITES; a dormant, nonreplicating form of Plasmodium parasite that can occur inside liver cells after invasion by sporozoites of the species P. vivax, P. ovale

Blood group characteristic that is resistant to P. vivax:

Fy (a-b-)

Blood group characteristics that is resistant to P. falciparum:

- Sickle cell trait and anemia - G6PD deficiency

Gold standard for diagnosing malaria:

Thick and thin smear

Preferred sample for microscopic examination for malaria:

Capillary blood

Thick smear preparation: ____ drops of blood, _____ cm away from the smear, _____ cm diameter:

3 drops of blood 1 cm away from the smear 1 cm diameter

Blood smear in thick smear must _____ to allow dehemoglobinization (lyse RBC)

must not be fixed

How many OIF must be finished in examination of Thick smear:

100 OIF

Thin smear preparation: ______ large drop of blood

1 large drop of blood

Thin smear should ______ to prevent cell lysis.

Thin smear should be fixed with mehanol

Thick smear purpose: Thin smear purpose:

Thick smear purpose: For rapid DETECTION Thin smear purpose: For SPECIES IDENTIFICATION

Malarial antigen found ONLY in P. falciparum:

Histidine protein 2 (HRP-2)

Malarial antigen can be found in all malarial parasites:

- Parasite Lactate Dehydrogenase (pLDH) - Plasmodium aldolase

Test that is only positive for P. falciparum:

Parasight F - detects HRP-2

Test that detects both HRP-2 and pLDH:

OptiMAL test

OptiMAL test interpretation: +2 lines: +3 lines:

OptiMAL test interpretation: +2 lines: All except P. falciparum +3 lines: P. falciparum

Immunochromatography test that detects HRP-2 and plasmodium aldolase

ICT Malaria P. f/P. v

ICT Malaria P. f/P. v test interpretation: +2 lines: +3 lines:

ICT Malaria P. f/P. v test interpretation: +2 lines: all except P. falciparum +3 lines: P. falciparum

Babesia microti resembles P. falciparum ring forms but:

No malarial pigments

Babesia microti Intermediate host: Definitive host:

Babesia microti Intermediate host: Man (or other mammals) Definitive host: Ixodid ticks

Pathogenesis of B. microti

Babesiosis - headache - fever - hemolytic anemia with hemoglobinuria

Causative agent of Red Water fever in cattles:

Babesia bigemina

Mode of transmission of intestinal coccidia:

Fecal-ral route through water, food, meat

Habitat of intestinal coccidia:

Small intestines. They invade enterocytes causing malabsorption & diarrhea

Monoxenous intestinal coccidia species:

- Isospora belli - Cryptosporidium parvum - Cyclospora cayetanensis Note: part of "No MILCC" mnemonic, Acid-Fast organisms "ICC" acid-fast protozoans

Heteroxenous coccidia:

Sarcocystis species

Isospora belli Infective stage: Diagnostic stage:

Isospora belli Infective stage: Mature oocyst Diagnostic stage: Immature oocyst

Disease caused by Isospora belli

Isosporiasis - diarrhea in immunocompromised person

Cryptosporidium parvum Infective stage: Diagnostic stage:

Cryptosporidium parvum Infective stage: Mature oocyst - Thick-walled = external - Thin-walled = internal Diagnostic stage: Mature oocyst

Diseases caused by Cryptosporidium parvum:

- Water-borne parasite causing Gay bowel syndrome - Pulmonary Sporidiosis *can cause autoinfection

Cyclospora cayetanensis Infective stage: Diagnostic stage:

Cyclospora cayetanensis Infective stage: Mature oocyst Diagnostic stage: Immature oocyst

Diseases caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis

- Cyclosporiasis - Cyclosporidiosis

Sarcocystis species Infective stage: Diagnostic stage:

Sarcocystis species Infective stage: Mature oocyst (thin-walled) - Sporocyst - Encysted bradyzoites in undercooked meat Diagnostic stage: Mature oocyst (thin-walled) sporocyst

Disease caused by Sarcocystis lindemanni:

- Diarrhea in immunocompromised host - Myalgia (muscle pain)

Toxoplasma stage ingested when eating undercooked meat or other animals:

Zoitocyst

Toxoplasma stage transmitted in blood transfusion:

Tachyzoites

Toxoplasma stage transmitted in organ transplantation:

- Zoitocyst - Tachyzoites - Bradyzoite

Toxoplasma stage transmitted from mother to fetus:

Tachyzoites

SABIN'S TETRAD in toxoplasmosis:

1. Retinochoroiditis 2. Cerebral calcification 3. Hydrocephalus or microencephalus 4. Seizures

Diagnostic stage of Toxoplasmosis:

Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) Diagnostic stage: - Tachyzoites (blood) - Zoitocyst (tissue)

Sabin-Feldman dye test (+) result for toxoplasmosis:

(+) Toxoplasma trophozoites are not stained (with methylene blue) because their cell membrane are destroyed by the complement activated by the Ab-Ag complex

PROTOZOAN (Coccidia) Flashcards

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