Protists (Animacules)

Question 1

Protista

Answer 1

Asexual Reproduction, Methods of movement used to differentiate groups. All single celled eukaryotes.

Question 2

Choanoflagellate

Answer 2

Single Celled Eukaryotic Ancestor to the Animals.

Question 3

Protozoa

Answer 3

First Animals. Motile, heterotrophic. Animacules. Subcellular specialization rather than cellular specialization like in metazoa.

Question 4

Euglenozoa

Answer 4

W/in Protozoa. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic. Some can switch from auto to heterotroph.

Question 5

Euglenoidea

Answer 5

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs, can switch. Chloroplasts and pyrenoids. Pellicle. 2 Flagella. Clonal Reproduction. W/in Protozoa.

Question 6

Kinetoplastida

Answer 6

Heterotrophic, mostly parasites. Kinetoplast - large mass of DNA in single mitochondrium. Undulating membrane. Chagas and sleeping sickness. W/in Protozoa.

Question 7

Chlorophyta

Answer 7

W/in Protozoa. Green algae. Close relatives to plants. Volvocida - simple example of multicellularity, all flagellated. Solitary and colonial. Clonal or sexual reproduction. Gonidia.

Question 8

Retortamonada and Axostylata

Answer 8

W/in Protozoa. Retortamonada - Giardia. Axostylata - Axostyle, STD.

Question 9

Alveolata

Answer 9

W/in Protozoa. Unique alveoli: cortical vesicles that support the cell membrane.

Question 10

Dinoflagellata

Answer 10

W/in Protozoa. W/in Alveolata. Usually 2 flagella. Sulcus - longitudinal groove with one flagellum. Cingulum - transverse grooove that also has a flagellum. Theca - rigid cellulose, often sculpted skeleton, occurs in alvioli. Auto and heterotrophic.

Question 11

Ciliophora

Answer 11

W/in Protozoa. W/in Alveolata. Heterotrophic. Multi cilia. Alveolar vesicles. Mitochondria w/ tubular cristae. 2 Types of nuclei. Carbs stored as glycogen.

Question 12

Apicomplexa

Answer 12

W/in Protozoa. Important parasites. Malaria and Coccidiosis. Apical complex, gliding locomotion, no cilia. Plasmodium and Toxoplasma.

Question 13

Ameboid protozoa

Answer 13

Amebas, Foraminifera, Actinopoda. W/in Protozoa. Transition of cytoplasm to stiff ectoplasm. Pseudopodia - lobopodia and filopodia. Test - protein or siliceous.

Question 14

Foraminifera

Answer 14

Extinct. W/in Protozoa. Ameboid protozoa. Mostly marine, reticulopodia - like a network of podia. Extracelluar test, diverse fossil fauna.

Question 15

Rhizaria

Answer 15

W/in Protozoa. Cercozoa, Foraminifera, Radiolaris.

Question 16

Actinopoda

Answer 16

W/in Protozoa. Radiolaria and Heliozoa. Axopodia: needle like pseudopodia, for prey capture, flotation, locomotion, attachment. Sometimes inorganic test.

Question 17

Radiolaria

Answer 17

W/in Protozoa. W/in Actinopoda. Have organic and siliceous test. Mostly planktonic, algal symbionts.

Question 18

Heliozoa

Answer 18

W/in Protozoa. W/in Actinopoda. Mostly benthic, some planktonic. Siliceous spicules (spikes), algal symbionts.

Question 19

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 19

the hypothesized process where a prokaryotic cell enveloped another prokaryotic cell but did not digest it, creating mitochondria. A similar process create chloroplasts

Question 20

evidence for endosymbiotic theory

Answer 20

• mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA
• mitochondria and chloroplast replicate on their own
• double membranes
• rRNA similarities between bacteria, mitos and chloral
• facultative endosymbiosis
• secondary endosymbiosis