protists and plants (up to plant diversity)

Question 1

endosymbiosis theory: autogenous model

Answer 1

the cells own membrane formed simple membrane bound organelles by folding inwards (know how to draw)

Question 2

what are the benefits of membrane bound organelles

Answer 2

you have thins in one spot so it’s more efficient. The workload is divided and the cell is more organized, but the cell is also more complicated

Question 3

endosymbiosis theory: serial endosymbiotic model

Answer 3

shows how the mitochondria and chloroplasts may have formed. A cell engulfed bacteria and they began to co-exist as both organisms benefited from it.

Question 4

why do chloroplasts and mitochondrion resemble bacteria

Answer 4

they have thier own DNA. it’s circular, just like bacterial. DNA. Also have their own ribosomes to create proteins. They are a similar size when compared to bacteria

Question 5

describe slime molds

Answer 5

they are fungus like and produce spores

Question 6

describe amoebas

Answer 6

pseudopods; can cause amoebic dysentery

Question 7

what causes african sleeping sickness? how does the disease spread and what are the symptoms

Answer 7

caused by typanosomes. (parasites that get into your blood)

it spreads from cattle to humans through the tse tse fly. (vector)
Symptoms are sleeping a lot, personality changes and eventually a coma and death

to prevent vaccinate the fucking cows

Question 8

what causes amoebic dysentery? how does the disease spread and what are the symptoms

Answer 8

caused by Entamoeba histolytica which is a parasite that eats your intestinal lining. causes bloody diarrhea and lots of cramps and pain

are spread through fecal matter in a dormant state (different than the other one)

use proper sanitation to prevent the spread

Question 9

malaria. explain what happens

Answer 9

a female mosquito gets blood from human so she can produce eggs. In doing so she transfers Plasmodium falciparum. This organisms then infects and divides in liver and red blood cells. Then synchronize rupturing of blood cells releases toxins which then result in a fever

vaccine made for malaria

Question 10

what are photoautotrophic algae and how are they important to the environment?

Answer 10

they fo photosynthesis and this glucose that they produce feeds the rest of the organisms that are higher up in the food chain (like plants of the sea)

Question 11

how does algae form mutualistic symbiotic associations with other species. examples?

Answer 11

Coral have dinoflagellates w/i their tissue
This helps coral survive by producing the sugar and O2 that coral needs. The coral provides the dinoflagellates with a home and protective exoskeleton (made of calcium carbonate)

Because the water temp has risen so much they eject dinoflagellates and this because they are stressed. This causes coral bleaching

Question 12

Slimy polysaccharide cell wall of seaweeds is used as thickeners in ice creams,
pudding and agar growth medium. Why are the seaweeds slimy?

Answer 12

slimyness helps with osmoregulation; water can’t get in and out as easily.

Less likely to be predated (grabbed by other predators)

keeps them moisturized at low tide

Question 13

what is the commercial importance of diatoms?

Answer 13

we use silica from their shells for a lot of things. For examples matchsticks, used in detergents and as insect repellent. because for the ants it’s like stepping on glass.

used to be used in toothpaste, but it wears out the enamel in your teeth which can’t be replaced, so no longer in there

Question 14

land plants are monophyletic. What does this mean?

Answer 14

they’re all in the same group and have 1 common ancestor. This ancestor lived in freshwater and resembled algae

Question 15

why and how did plants evolve to allow for life on land

Answer 15

why:
- no competition
- more intense, direct sunlight
- netter access to sunlight
- no

Question 16

Describe the life cycle of ancestral green algae

Answer 16

1. there is a gametophyte (n) that produces sperm and eggs through mitosis
2. when sperm and eggs meet this form a zygote (2n)
3. through meiosis this zygote eventually created flagellated spores
4. these flagellated spores through mitosis become gametophyte.

Question 17

what is an issue with the flagellated spore of ancestral green algae

Answer 17

they can’t travel far and are vulnerable to dehydration

Question 18

describe the alternation of generations (life cycle of plants)

Answer 18

1. the gametophyte contains both male and female parts. it produces egg and spem
2. fertilization occurs and there is a zygote (doesn’t go into gametophyte stage, just becomes a sporophyte through mitosis)
3. the sporophyte (2n) creates spores (n) that are genetically different from each other because of meiosis.

IN THIS LIFE CYCLE THEY SWITHC BETWEEN GAMTOPHYTE AND SPOROPHYTE STAGES

Question 19

which species concepts are used in classifying plants.

Answer 19

morphological, ecological (that’s all i have written down)

Question 20

what are the adaptations that allows plants to live on land?

Answer 20

spores, vascular tissues, pollen, seed fruit

Question 21

what are some examples and features of nonvascular plants

Answer 21

examples include liverwort, hornwort and moss

features: no monophyletic group, no transport system because of the lack of vascular tissue and no cuticle

Question 22

non vascular plants are not a monophyletic group. what does this mean?

Answer 22

One common ancestor does not produce all of the other ancestors. They have multiple common ancestors. Happen because of convergent evolution.

Question 23

Have no vascular tissue. Disadvantage?

Answer 23

No vascular tissue, no rapid method of transport, no xylem fo ploem. So They get everything by simple diffusion. Plant has to be small in order to get all mineral it needs. Things Aren’t going to be able to diffuse that far. Every cell inside of these plants is making it’s own sugars by photosynthesis.

Question 24

Have no cuticle. Disadvantages? Benefits?

Answer 24

Cuticle is to prevent water loss. They lose water very quickly and can dry up very quickly if not enough rainfall. Sometimes mass can look very dead, but can eaily come back to life again

Question 25

what are the “primitive” feature of moss

Answer 25

flagellated sperms need water to move, can dehydrate and die

the sporophyte is temporary and dependent on gametophyte to give them food

Question 26

explain “advanced” features of moss

Answer 26

they have spores and produce antheridia and archegonia. not just one gametophyte with both male and femal reprpductive organs

-spores: can resist drying out;’ light so they can fly long distances; genetically diverse eventually grow inro reproductive part of the plant. Land far away from brother and systers, so there is more genetic diversity

-antheridia: potects spem. Prevents dehydration

-archegonia . Protects, egg and embryo before sporphyte

Question 27

seeds vs spores

Answer 27

The main difference between spores and seeds is that spores do not contain stored food resources and require more favorable conditions for the germination

Question 28

explain the life cycle of moss

Answer 28

there is a female gametophyte with sporophyte (2n) on top. with the top of it being called sporangium. it releases spores (n) that were produced through meiosis

2. these spores become either male or female gametophytes called antheridia and archegonia. the antheridia creates flagellated spem that goes into and archegonia
3. egg is fertilized in archegonia which then creates a zygote which then creates and embryo. Then becomes sporophyte and the whole process repeates

Question 29

which comes first embryo or zygote

Answer 29

zygote

Question 30

what are vascular plants

Answer 30

modern large plants that have xylem (transports water and minerals) and phloem (transports sugar

Question 31

what are some examples of spore dispersing vascular plants

Answer 31

lady fern, whisk fern and horsetail. ( just know that they are spore dispersing plants)

Question 32

describe xylem. What are the thick cell walls made of

Answer 32

Water and minerals transport also helps with SUPPORT. The thick cell wall is filled with cellulose and lignin. Lignin is hard substance that provides additional support. Wood that we use is xylem. We use it because it’s strong. Like using our bones nd skulls to build homes. Think catacombs

Question 33

how do ferns ensure cross - fertilization?

Answer 33

1. different development type of gametophytes
2. spores spread far
3. using meiosis makes spores
4. many make spores (which is a permanent structure)
5. depends on which sperm and which egg come together, gives rise to certain ogranisms

Hard to get rid of because of their roots. Will grow back. Have clusters under as leaf, have small sacks that contain spores inside of sorus is sporangium (sacks that contain spores). Heart shaped structure is the gametophyte. Has both male and female parts. Called hermaphrodite

Question 34

why are ferns primative plants

Answer 34

Flagellated spem need water in order to swim. Can’t fertilize in dry climate. Dependant on moist enviro; vulnerbale to dehydration

Question 35

why are sporophyte well adapted to life on land

Answer 35

because it is permanent and dominant., they also are independent of gametophyte

Question 36

life cycle of a fern look at photo

Answer 36

look at photo

Question 37

part of a plant

Answer 37

look at notes

Question 38

monocots vs eudicots

Answer 38

look at one note