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bio 1215: gen bio 2 > bio lab 7: rat and quail > Flashcards

bio lab 7: rat and quail Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How would you describe the location of the head in relation to the tail using proper
anatomical terms?

A

the head is anterior to the tail

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2
Q

general function of the digestive system

A

digest and absorb food and then excrete wastes

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3
Q

What types of teeth do rats have? What shape are the molars? Are they narrow or wide?
Is the top surface sharp or fairly flat?

A

2 pairs of incisors and one pair at on top and one on bottom. mollars of rat are flat and wid

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4
Q

From the dentition alone, would you conclude that the rat is omnivorous, herbivorous,
or carnivorous? Explain why.

A

herbivores, because no canines

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5
Q

what does emulsify fat mean

A

process of breaking down large fat molecules into smaller ones so that they can be more easily digested

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6
Q

In many mammals, bile is stored in the gall bladder. Rats lack a gall bladder but still
produce bile. Why do you think the rat lacks a gall bladder?

A

they eat mostly plants, so they need less bile than if they ate meat

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7
Q

cardiac portion vs pyloric portion

A

cardiac connects esophagus, pyloric prevents backflow from duodenum

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8
Q

spleen

A

removes both foreign materal and worn out blood cells from the blood

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9
Q

major function of duodenum

A

removing gastric contents, neutralizing gastric acid, sensing acidity and nutrient concentration and starting digestion

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10
Q

function of the mesentery

A

supplies the arterial blood flow to most of the small intestine

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11
Q

exocrine vs endocrine

A

exocrine: a gland that makes substances such as sweat, tears, saliva and releases them through a duct or opening in the body

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12
Q

is pancreas exocrine or endocrine

A

both

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13
Q

name hormone and what it does

A

insuling regulates blood sugar levels

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14
Q

name digestive enzymes the pancrea produces. What is their function

A

Lipase: Breaks down fats
Protease: Breaks down proteins
Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates

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15
Q

cecum

A

sac between small intestine and large intestine that contain bacteria.

bacteria break down cellulose

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16
Q

Would you expect the cecum of a carnivore to be larger or smaller than the rat’s?
Explain

A

Smaller because they don’t need the bacteria to break down plants

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17
Q

What is the function of the large intestine, rectum and anus?

A

eliminating wastes from the body

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18
Q

What is external respiration and where does it occur in the mammalian body?

A

External respiration is the exchange of gases between the air and the blood, and it occurs in the lungs of
mammals:

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19
Q

What is internal respiration and where does it occur in the mammalian body?

A

internal respiration, which occurs in the body tissues,

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20
Q

What is cellular respiration and where does it occur in the mammalian body?

A

Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that occurs in the mitochondria of mammalian cells to
break down glucose and produce energy:

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21
Q

epiglottis vs glottis

A

epiglottis is a tiny flap of tissue and glottis is the open space

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22
Q

dos the trachea lie dorsal or ventral tot he esophagus

A

ventral

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23
Q

What is the function of the cartilage rings around the trachea?

A

functions in supportive natire to trachea. They opened airways for the exchange of gases in the trachea (structural support)

24
Q

why do the cartilage rings not completely encircle the trachea

A

because this allows the trachea to collapse slightly to allow food t pass down the esophagus

25
Q

What gases are being exchanged in the alveoli? Between what substances and in what
direction?

A

Oxygen (O₂):

Direction: From the alveoli to the blood.

Reason: The oxygen concentration (or partial pressure) is higher in the air inside the alveoli than in the deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Oxygen diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli and into the blood.

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂):

Direction: From the blood to the alveoli.

26
Q

Do the erythrocytes have a nucleus in them? What is the advantage and disadvantage of
this feature?

A

no nucleus, more flexible to go through blood vessles

27
Q

know function of erythrocyte, leukocye and platelet and what they look like under a microscope

A
28
Q

What are the functions of the following?
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

A
  1. Kidney
    • Acts like a filter for the blood.
    • Removes waste, extra water, and toxins to form urine.
    • Helps maintain a balance of salt, minerals, and water in the body.
  2. Ureter
    • Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
  3. Urinary Bladder
    • A storage tank for urine.
    • Holds the urine until you’re ready to go to the bathroom.
  4. Urethra
    • A tube that lets urine leave the body from the bladder.
    • In males, it also carries semen.
29
Q

what is the major function of the epididymis

A

store and mature sperm

30
Q

function of the vas defenes

A

The vas deferens is a tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.

Key Functions:
1. Sperm Transport:
- It carries mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in preparation for ejaculation.

  1. Storage:
    • It can temporarily store sperm before ejaculation.

In simple terms, the vas deferens is like a highway for sperm, moving them from storage to where they need to go.

31
Q

What do the seminal vesicles and prostate gland produce?

A

produce fluid that helps sperm survoive, nourish, alkaline

32
Q
A
33
Q

Between the seminiferous tubules are groups of cells called interstitial cells. Name the
hormone they produce and give its function related to sperm production.

A

The interstitial cells (also called Leydig cells) found between the seminiferous tubules produce the hormone testosterone.

Function of Testosterone Related to Sperm Production:
Stimulates Spermatogenesis:
Testosterone promotes the production and maturation of sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules.

34
Q

Why does the female rat need a Y-shaped uterus?

Can you think of other animals that would have the same shape of uterus?

A

The Y-shaped uterus in female rats is designed to accommodate multiple offspring during pregnancy. Each “arm” of the Y, called a uterine horn, provides space for the embryos to implant and develop. This shape is ideal for animals like rats that give birth to litters (multiple babies at once).

cats, dogs, pigs rabbits

35
Q

is the ovary exocrine or endocring

A

endocrine

36
Q

Name and give the function of at least one hormone that the follicle produces before
ovulation related to the ovarian cycle.

A

estrogen

37
Q

internal adaptations birds have for flight

A

light bones, reproductive organs get smaller when not needed

38
Q

What are the functions of the following?
Crop
Proventriculus
Gizzard

A

These are parts of the digestive system in birds and some other animals. Here’s what each does in simple terms:

  1. Crop
    • Function: Acts like a storage pouch. It temporarily holds and softens food before it moves to the stomach.
    • Simple Analogy: Think of it as a waiting room for food.
  2. Proventriculus
    • Function: The glandular part of the stomach where digestive enzymes and acids start breaking down food.
    • Simple Analogy: Like a “chemical processor” that begins to digest the food.
  3. Gizzard
    • Function: A muscular part of the stomach that grinds food into smaller pieces, often with the help of small stones or grit the animal swallows.
    • Simple Analogy: Works like a “mechanical blender” for food.

These structures work together to process food efficiently, especially in animals without teeth!

39
Q

3 major functions of the liver

A

produces bile, detoxification and , supplies glucose when needed

40
Q

function of colic cecae

A

microbial fermentation of vegetable based material

41
Q

What is the function of the cartilaginous rings in the trachea of the quail?

A
  1. Maintain Airway Structure
    • The rings keep the trachea open, preventing it from collapsing as the bird breathes in and out.
  2. Flexibility and Movement
    • They are incomplete (C-shaped or similar) to allow flexibility, so the trachea can expand and contract slightly during breathing and movement.
  3. Protection
    • The rings provide support and protect the trachea from external pressure or injury.

This structure ensures efficient airflow to the lungs, even when the bird is active or in varying postures.

42
Q

Considering what air sacs look like, are they likely to be important sites of gas exchange?

A

Air sacs in birds are not primary sites of gas exchange. Here’s why:

  1. Structure of Air Sacs:
    • Air sacs are thin-walled, balloon-like structures with little vascularization (blood supply).
    • Unlike lungs, they lack the dense network of capillaries needed for efficient gas exchange.
  2. Primary Function:
    • Air sacs act as bellows, helping to move air through the lungs. This allows for a continuous, one-way flow of air through the lungs during both inhalation and exhalation, maximizing oxygen exchange in the lungs.
  3. Gas Exchange Happens in the Lungs:
    • Specifically, gas exchange occurs in the parabronchi of the bird’s lungs, where blood vessels are closely associated with the respiratory surfaces.

Conclusion:
While air sacs are essential for the bird’s unique respiratory system, they do not directly participate in gas exchange. Their role is more about facilitating airflow rather than exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.

43
Q

what’s this

A

bird lung

44
Q

What is an advantage of bird erythrocytes being nucleated?

A

The advantage of bird erythrocytes having a nucleus is that it allows them to undergo mitosis and maintain high MCHC: (more hemoglobin

45
Q

whats this

A

bird blood

46
Q

Why do bird erythrocytes being nucleated not impact the amount of oxygen getting to the
bird cells like it does in mammals?

A

n mammals, enucleated erythrocytes evolved to maximize the space available for hemoglobin, increasing oxygen-carrying capacity. Birds achieve the same functional oxygen delivery by optimizing other parts of their respiratory and circulatory systems. Thus, nucleated erythrocytes do not hinder birds in meeting their oxygen demands.

47
Q

Where is the egg in the oviduct when it is fertilized? Explain why this must be.

A

Fertilization occurs in the infundibulum because it is the only point where the ovum is accessible to sperm before the egg’s protective layers form. This precise timing ensures successful fertilization and proper egg development.

48
Q

do birds have teeth? why or why not

A

thought to be an adaptation that allowed these animals to pursue their prey (such as worms, insects, and vertebrates) and consume seeds and nuts a bit easier,

49
Q

What three structures in the quail perform the same functions as the stomach in the rat?

A

Together, the crop, proventriculus, and gizzard of the quail replicate the food storage, chemical digestion, and mechanical digestion roles of the rat’s stomach

50
Q

Birds do not have alveoli. What is the equivalent structure in the bird?

A

parabronchi

51
Q

What advantage might mammalian erythrocytes have over bird erythrocytes?

A

Erythrocyte enucleation is thought to have evolved in mammals to support their energetic cost of high metabolic activities.

52
Q

ovary in birds ve mammals

A

avian ovary isn’t as compact

53
Q

Fertilization occurs in the oviduct in both rats and quails. Is the location of where fertilization
takes place in the oviduct significant in the rat or quail? Explain why or why not for both
animals.

A

In Quails
- Significance: Fertilization must occur in the infundibulum, the uppermost part of the oviduct.
- Reason:
- The egg begins its journey from the ovary into the oviduct at the infundibulum, where it can meet sperm stored in specialized sperm storage tubules.
- As the egg travels further down the oviduct, layers such as the albumen (egg white), membranes, and shell are added. These protective layers prevent sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg later.
- Thus, fertilization must happen before these layers form, making the location critical.

In Rats
- Significance: Fertilization occurs in the upper third of the oviduct (fallopian tube), close to the ovary.
- Reason:
- The fertilized egg (zygote) must travel down the oviduct to the uterus for implantation.
- If fertilization occurred too far down the oviduct or in the uterus, there would not be enough time for the early developmental stages (e.g., cleavage and blastocyst formation) to complete before reaching the uterus.
- Proper timing and location ensure the embryo is developmentally ready for implantation in the uterine wall.

Comparison
- In both quails and rats, the location of fertilization is significant because it ensures proper timing for subsequent processes: egg development in quails and embryonic development in rats.
- In quails, the focus is on fertilizing the egg before protective layers form.
- In rats, the focus is on ensuring the embryo has enough time for early development before reaching the uterus.

54
Q
A
55
Q
A
56
Q
A

bio 1215: gen bio 2 (10 decks)

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