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bio 1215: gen bio 2 > bio lab 5: invertebrates > Flashcards

bio lab 5: invertebrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what characteristics do all animals have in common

A
  1. they are multicellular eukaryotes
  2. they are heterotrophs that ingest other organisms for nutrients
  3. They are capable of some form of locomotion at some stage in their life
  4. most have 4 kind of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue
  5. The multicellular stage in any animal’s life is diploid. Muticellular stage in Fungi is haploid and every plant has both multicellular haploid form and a multicellular diploid form
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2
Q

protostome vs deuterostomes

A

protosome is when the mouth is the first part of the digestive system to form

deuterostome is when the anus develops first

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3
Q

radial symmetry vs bilateral symmetry

A

object with radial symmetry can be cut vertically through the middlein many ways producing two halves that are mirror images

object with bilateral summery can be cut in half in only one plane, producing two halves that are mirror images

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4
Q

what is segmentation

A

the repetition of similar units

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5
Q

what is cephalization

A

having a definite head

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6
Q

what is an exoskeleton

A

a skelteon outside the body which results in molting

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7
Q

what is an open circulatory system

A

(a vessel carries blood
part of the way through the body but then ends, allowing the blood to find its own way
back between cells or through body cavities)

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8
Q

what is a closed circulatory system

A

when blood is confined to vessels

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9
Q

what are the different types of digestive anatomy

A

Sac-like with one opening for both entrance of food and exit of wastes. Such a digestive cavity, which is usually highly branched, is known as a gastrovascular
cavity.

b. A tube-within-a-tube; has a separate entrance for food and exit for wastes. The
specimen usually contains an intestine.

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10
Q

what is phylum Porifera? describe them

A

Phylum Porifera are the animals called sponges. Sponges are made up of a collection of
cells that are arranged into poorly organized tissues. Although some members of Porifera
appear radially symmetrical, most are asymmetrical.

No true tissues

Most members of Porifera are marine, but some do live in freshwater. Examine the
specimens on display, keeping in mind that living sponges are often brightly coloured -
orange, purple, yellow, and lavender for example. These colours fade upon preservation of
the specimen.

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11
Q

Using the chart and diagrams of the typical sponge, locate the osculum, the central cavity
or spongocoel, the pores (incurrent canals) and the collar cells or choanocytes.

A
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12
Q

Describe how a sponge filters water to obtain its food.

A
  1. Water Flow: Water enters the sponge through many small pores on its surface. These are like tiny doors called ostia.
  2. Filtering: Inside the sponge, special cells called choanocytes (collar cells) use their whip-like tails (flagella) to create a current that pulls water through the sponge.
  3. Capturing Food: As water flows through, the choanocytes trap tiny food particles, like plankton and bacteria, using sticky structures around their tails.
  4. Water Exit: After the sponge extracts the food, the filtered water leaves the sponge through a large opening called the osculum.

In short, the sponge works like a natural filter, drawing in water, capturing food, and letting clean water flow out.

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13
Q

what is the function of choanocytes

A

they are cells that have flagella that create the active pumping of water through sponge while the collars fo choanocytes are the primary area that nutrients are absorbed into the sponge

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14
Q

what size of material can be obtained and digested by sponges

A

bacteria smaller than 0.5 microns

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15
Q

what are spicules and what are their function. What do they look like

A

The body of the sponge may have a tough protein framework or numerous needle-like
spicules embedded deep within it to add structural support for maintaining its shape and
keeping pores open for water flow. The spicules are composed of silica or calcium
carbonate. Observe the slide of spicules on the side bench and make a drawing of a few of
them.

spiny star shaped structures

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16
Q

what are some examples of phylum cnidaria? and what type of symmetry do they have

A

corals, jellyfish, sea whips

they have radial symmetry

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17
Q

describe cnidaria. What two types are they

A

Cnidarians organize their cells into true tissues. The basic cnidarian body plan is simple,
consisting of a gastrovascular cavity surrounded by two cell layers. Two variations on this
plan occur, the polyp (attached to a solid substrate) and the medusa (free swimming).

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18
Q

what is the advantage of a gastrovascular cavity over animals that lacks one (like a sponge)

A

increased surface area for nutrient absorption and diffusion

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19
Q

describe cnidocytes and nematocytes

A

Tentacles armed with stinging cells (cnidocytes) containing nematocysts are in a ring
around the single opening into the gastrovascular cavity. Nematocysts are unique to Phylum
Cnidaria. Study the demonstration slide of a Hydra tentacle. Observe the triggers for
nematocysts protruding from the tentacle. Draw and label the nematocysts on a tentacle.

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20
Q

what is this

A

cnidocyte

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21
Q

what is the function of a nematocyst

A

mainly to capture prey and use as defense but also for locomotion

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22
Q

what is the phylum for flatworms called (know how to spell)

A

Platyhelminthes

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23
Q

describe Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Members of Phylum Platyhelminthes, also known as flatworms, are bilaterally symmetrical
and show protostome embryonic development. This phylum includes both free-living and
parasitic subgroups. Parasitic examples include flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms can
range in size from 1 mm to several meters in length. Examine the preserved specimens on
the side bench.

very much look like flat worms

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24
Q

Does the Planaria have external evidence of a definite head or sensory organs
(cephalization)?

A

yes, they have an obvious head region and eye spots

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25
Q

where does food enter in the digestive tract of a planarian? is there a separate exit for large indigestable wastes?

A

suck food through pharynx into gastrovascular cavity

no, food goes in and out of pharynx

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26
Q

how does digested food get to all part of the body in planarians

A

nutrients diffuse to internal tissues

27
Q

planarian gastrovascular cavity

A
28
Q

what is this

A

planarian. note the solid - tissue filled region outside of the gastrovacular cavity

29
Q

do Planaria have an internal body cavity that contains the internal organs

A

no

30
Q

coelem vs acoelmate

A

The absence of a body cavity (known as a coelom) is one of the unique features of the
Platyhelminthes. They are described as being acoelomate.

31
Q

describe phylum Mollusca (SPELL LIKE THIS ON LAB EXAM). What are some ecamples

A

phylum Mollusca is remarkable in that its members have been shaped by evolution into a
great diversity of body forms. All are bilaterally symmetrical at some point in their
development and show protostome embryonic development.

clams, snails, slugs, squid, octopus

32
Q

what unique features do most members have in common

A

mass of soft flash that covers soft body and encloses internal organs called visceral mass

33
Q

Many of the organs inside a mollusc are suspended within a fluid-filled body cavity, called a
coelom. What advantages are offered by such an arrangement vs. a solid body, as seen in
the flatworms?

A

permits them freedom of movement

34
Q

What other major anatomical development appears in the Mollusca that was absent in the
previously described phyla?

A

presence of a complete one way digestive tract and circulatory sytem

35
Q

What advantage does a one-way digestive tract have over a gastrovascular cavity?

A

allows for specialized regions with specialized functions. also allows for continuous eating

36
Q

which of the mollusks are fat-moving predatory animals and which are slow moving or sedentary filter feeders

A

fast: octopus, squid

slow: mussels, land snails, marine snail

37
Q

circulatory sytem of fast vs slow mollusks. other features

A

fats: have close, slow have open

fast have well, developed tentancles and slow have shell for protection

38
Q

what is this

A

radula of molluscs helps scape up algae to eat

39
Q

why is there a close evolutionary relationship between mollusca and annelids

A

Many marine molluscs and marine annelids have a ciliated larva called a trochophore larva.
This indicates a close evolutionary relationship between Mollusca and Annelida.

40
Q

what is the worm phylum called (spelling). Describe them

A

Annelida

Earthworms, leeches, bristleworms, and tubeworms are all annelids. One of their defining
features is a segmented body with some organs repeated in each body segment. Because
of this, Phylum Annelida are also known as the segmented worms. They may be found in
terrestrial, marine, or freshwater habitats.

41
Q

circulatory system of annelids

A

closed circulatory system

42
Q

di annelids have a body cavity

A

yes

43
Q
A
44
Q

earthworms are reciprocal hermaphrodites what does this mean?

A

the can potentially share resources available for reproduction between its male and reproductive system

45
Q

crop function in annelids

A

stored food until matter goes into gizzard

46
Q

gizzard function in annelids

A

grinds up food and begins the digestion process

47
Q

intestine function annelids

A

food broken down into usable chemicals which are absorbed in bloodstream

48
Q

clitellum function annelids

A

stores the eggs

49
Q

spermathecae in annelids

A

stores sperm

50
Q

seminal vesicles in annelids

A

produces sperm

51
Q
A
52
Q

describe phylum Nematoda

A

Members of Phylum Nematoda, also known as the round worms, thrive in virtually every
habitat on the planet, from deserts to glaciers. They are especially common in wet soil, and
many are parasites in plants or other animals. They are typically less than 1 mm in length,
but a 9 m parasite has been found in the placenta of a sperm whale. Animal groups with tiny
bodies are often missing some of the organ systems of larger creatures, including systems
involved in respiration and excretion (the removal of nitrogenous wastes). Instead, they
simply exchange materials across their body wall.
Nematodes are covered by a tough cuticle, which is shed (molted) periodically as the
animal grows.

53
Q

Both the nematodes and the Annelids are “worm shaped”. What is one striking difference in
the morphology of the two groups?

A

annelids have more specialized sections

54
Q

what phylum are vinegar eels

A

phylum Nematoda

55
Q

describe Phylum Arthropoda

A

You are certainly familiar with this phylum. Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles
are all arthropods. Approximately two-thirds of all named species on the planet are
Arthropods. They have segmented bodies, but the segments are often fused into distinct
body regions. They have an exoskeleton, and molt periodically.

56
Q

what are characteristics all arthropods share

A

exoskeleton, bi-lateral symmetry, joined appendages, segmented bodies and specialized appendages

57
Q

what kind of circulatory system do phylum Arthropoda have

A

open circulatory system

58
Q

examples of Phylum Arthropoda

A

insects including butterflies and beetles, also millipededs

59
Q

Take special note of the different arthropod appendages. What feature do they have in
common?

Appendages are often well adapted to a particular function. List and describe at least five
adaptations.

A

most segments have a pair of attatched joined appendages

  1. grasshopper legs for jumping, spider legs well suited to grapsing delicate webs,

wings for flying

60
Q

What are some problems created by an external skeleton, and how are they solved?

A

limits size and movement molt to grow

61
Q

why are we related to phylum echinodermata

A

we are both deuterosomes with endoskeletons

62
Q

what are Echinodermata. Describe it

A

starfish
Included in Phylum Echinodermata are the sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea
cucumbers, brittle stars, and feather stars. All are marine. Echinoderm larvae have bilateral
symmetry, but most adults have pentaradial symmetry, i.e., a tendency for body parts to
come in multiples of five. Echinoderms are most closely related to Phylum Chordata (the
one that includes humans); both groups show deuterostome embryonic development.

63
Q

describe the endoskeleton of echinodermata

A

Most echinoderms have a meshwork of small calcareous plates embedded in the tissue of
the body wall. Because this supportive structure is within the body, it is known as an
endoskeleton. Some of these plates may fuse to produce numerous movable and
immovable calcareous spines. The phylum name, translated as ‘spiny skin’, refers to this
feature.

bio 1215: gen bio 2 (10 decks)

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