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bio 1215: gen bio 2 > chapter 1(spec, phylo, taxo, bac +archae) > Flashcards

chapter 1(spec, phylo, taxo, bac +archae) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 concepts used to define species

A

morphospecies concept, ecological species concept, biological species concept and phylogenetic species concept

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2
Q

explain the morphospecies concept and why it’s not ideal

A

based on physical appearance, differentiate species this way

not ideal because in many species the male is more colourful than the female. for example male and female peacocks. if you’ve never seen one before, you might think that they’re different species

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3
Q

explain the ecological species concept and the issues with it

A

based on their niche (where they are found and what resources they use.)

the problem with this can be overlapping niche they are many bacteria that live in the same environment (dirt) and eat similar things

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4
Q

explain the biological species concept and what issues it has

A

based on their ability to sexually produce with one another and create fertile offspring

Problems: not all organisms reproduce asexually, for example bacteria. What if they live in different environments and don’t cross paths. For example the elephants in grassland vs forest. Can’t know if different species

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5
Q

explain the phylogenetic species concept and what issues it has

A

use DNA to see how much the DNA of two organisms lines up

-problems: we don’t have the DNA sequence of every species we know about. The elephants are diff species because we know DNA is very different. Helps solve biological species concept and morphospecies concept. The tusks of the elephats are different

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6
Q

what are subspecies? what are hybrids?

A

subspecies are organisms that have evolved in isolation and have distinguishing physical characteristics. an example of this is orangutans. some hair more hair and different hand sizes

hybrids form from the mating of two closely related species which may or may not result in the formation of a new species. An example of this is ligers

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7
Q

what are the different evolutionary forces?

A

mutations, natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow

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8
Q

describe mutation and its role in speciation

A

changes in nucleotide sequence in alleles.

It creates a new allele which can spread throughout the population. can say it contributed to evolution if the population all changes to that specific gene

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9
Q

explain natural selection and its role in speciation

A

when the environment increases beneficial alleles and decreases harmful ones (the beaks of birds on Galapagos).

can eliminate harmful alleles and create new species/subspecies

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10
Q

genetic drift vs gene flow and roles in speciation. What is fixation?

A

genetic drift is when there are random changes in existing alleles due to chance events. can lead to extinction purely by chance

Fixation is when 100% of the population has the allele, extinction is when that allele disappears from the population

gene flow is the mixing of alleles between populations due to migration of individuals from one population to another

affects speciation: if gene flow is elimatinated you get a new species.

GENETIC DRIFT AND GENE FLOW WORK TOGETHER IN THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES

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11
Q

Explain and provide examples of allopatric and sympatric speciation. Be able to explain why sympatric speciation is less common

A

allopatric speciation: when a new species forms in different geographic locations (ex: Galapagos finches that flew to the island because some got blown off course); this is genetic drift not gene flow)

sympatric speciation is when a new species forms in the same geographic area. ex: fruit flies using berries to reproduce, eventually some using apples to continue on life cycle

Sympatric is less common because They are in the same environment and there is gene flow. They are interbreeding. So takes a lot longer to eliminate intermediate species. Still gene flow, but genetic drift makes more sense

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12
Q

what are some things to do when evaluating phylogenetic trees

A

Be caustious about where branching points are. Never count the number of nodes, doesn’t tell u if closer or not as close related. Focus on where node is in relation to time. Share common ancestor at this point in time therefore turtles and mammals are equally related. Makes sure point to node and time

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13
Q

branching point vs position of nodes

A

branching point is a speciation event and represents a common ancestor for all subsequent species,

position of nodes relative to time can be used to show how closely related species are to one another

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14
Q

true or false the number of nodes between a common ancestor and a descendant is an indicator of relatedness

A

false

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15
Q

explain homologous vs analogous structures

A

inherited traits from a common ancestor. like our vertebrae and the vertebrae of monkeys are similar because we share a common ancestor. sometimes not useful.

analogous structures are when organisms have different ancestors but they have structures that serve the same function

like leg of horse and leg of ant, made of different things but serve the same function. don’t have common ancestors

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16
Q

what do we call structures that we don’t use anymore

A

vestigial structures

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17
Q

what is an outgroup

A

a species or group of species that is closely related to but not part of the group

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18
Q

what is taxonomy and why is it important

A

the branch of biology that deals with classifying species according to their morphology and phylogeny. It’s important because there are so many different species and it’s a good idea to organize them to keep track of all of them

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19
Q

what are all the levels of classification and how do you remember them

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

dutch kings play chess on finely ground sand

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20
Q

why are the terms in latin

A
  1. each part of latin word has meaning. 2. because no longer being used, the meaning of the words no longer change. 3. all scientists agree upon this language
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21
Q

what are the 3 domains of life? describe each

A
  1. bacteria which is the most diverse, most widespread and most common prokaryotes
  2. archaea are rare ancient prokaryotes that are in a different domain because they live in very hostile environments like geysers
  3. eukarya are protists, animals and fungi
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22
Q

how do you tell between protists, animals and fungi

A

fungi and animals are heterotrophs. fungi. put saliva all over their food. break things down externally. animals break down food internally. fungi don’t move but animals do.

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23
Q

what is the purpose of classification

A

allows to organize all species in logical manner, giver information about common features, mammals have hair and are heterotrophs, allows for naming every organism in the universe

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24
Q

how do you write out the scientific name fo organisms

A

Ø Scientific name is written in italics or underlined and consists of two parts:
Ø Genus name is written first and the first letter is capitalized.
Ø Species name follows the genus name and is not capitalized.
Ø Give specific examples of scientific names.

25
Q

bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes what does this mean

A

they lack membrane-bound organelles and have a very simple structure

26
Q

which types of archaea / bacteria are not unicellular

A

Cyanobacteria. They stay linked together as binary fission occurs (cell division)

they have chlorophyll which allows them to carry out photosynthesis and are multicellular

these cell evolved and raised oxygen levels of the world

27
Q

some bacteria/ archaea have a slimy capsule and hair like fimbriae. what are the functions of this?

A
  1. protection-repels invasion and also stick on the surface
  2. adherance- Increases the surface area to anchor onto cell
  3. hides better - hides in our immune system so we cannot detect it
28
Q

what are the distingushing features of bacteria, eukarya and archaea

A

Bacteria has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, but lacks histone

eukarya doesn’t have histones, but has a resistant plasma membrane

archaea doesn’t have a cell wall or histones

29
Q

what are bacteria cell walls made of. Why?

A

peptidoglycan which is linked glucose and is the strongest cells walls

30
Q

what organism has resistant plasma membrane? explain

A

archaea,

have esther bonds/linkages. it lacks additional oxy aton making it less likely to undergo hydrolysis

  1. the branched amino acids make it harder for moleculesto get across which makes it less leaky and less permeable
31
Q

what are endosperms and what produces them

A

bacteria produce them. endospores are a copied version of a bacteria that traps the DNA of the bacteria in an egg and keeps the genetic data of the bacteria until the environment is safe for the bacteria again

32
Q

differences between bacteria and archaea and eukarya

A

bacteria have one circular DNA molecule with no introns and no histones- archaea and eukarya are different. no histones because the cell organizes and compacts the DNA

archaea has circular DNA but has introns and histones

33
Q

what are the benefits of having circular DNA

A
  1. can be copied faster
  2. no need to separate from histones
  3. no detachment from DNA
34
Q

the ribosomes of bacteria and archaea are smaller than eukarya. explain

A

the ribosomes of bacteris have 3 RNA strands and proteins.

the ribosomes of eukarya have 4 RNA strands and proteins

35
Q

why are the flagella of bacteria and archaea different?

A

because they’re an analogous structure

36
Q

true or false bacteria divide through binary fission and have no microtubules / spindle fibers

A

true

37
Q

why are the divisions of bacteria so rapid? What are the disadvantages of this?

A

the circular DNA is easier copy and has no introns. This makes the DNA easier to replicate

Disadvantages are that all cells are identical so there is no genetic variation which makes it hard to survive if there is a change in their environment

They are also susceptible to antibitotics

38
Q

what is conjugation

A

the one-way transfer of a copy of a small, circular DNA molecule (called plasmid) through a tube like connection (called pilus)

creates a cytoplasmic bridge to transfer genetic information exhange

39
Q

what is the advantage of conjugation

A

it allows for genetic variation so that they can become antibiotic-resistant. creates a new coding for a capsule

40
Q

plasmid vs pilus

A

Conjugation is the one-way transfer of a copy of a small,
circular DNA molecule (called a plasmid) through a tubelike connection (called a pilus)

41
Q

what are the 5 different types of shape that bacteria can have? describe them

A

cocci: cylinder/ ball shaped bacteria

Bacilli: rod shaped bacteria

spirochete: spirally with internal flagella that allows them to move around in different environments

spirilla: squiggly with external flagella

vibrios: comma shaped / curved

42
Q

classification of bacteria based on arrangements (3 kinds)

A

diplo - pairs

strepto - exist in chains

-staphylo- exist in clusters

43
Q

gram-positive vs gram-negative bacteria

A

gram- positive:

stains purple because thick peptidoglycan cell wall makes the stain hard to wash out

(also has plasma membrane)

Gram-negative:

bacteria stains pink, are much more dangerous because have hair like structures that can be poisonous by contact, can produce capsil and has 3 layers to penetrate

44
Q

what is a heterotroph?

A

bacteria that breakdown organic material of other organisms

45
Q

what is an obligate aerobe

A

need to have oxygen because the final acceptor of electrons of the ETC

46
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can live with or without oxygen

47
Q

what are saprotrophs

A

decompose spoiled food

48
Q

parasites

A

opp of saprotrophs. feed on loving things, disease-causing bacteria

49
Q

what are photoautorophic bacteria. Give a example?

A

make their own organic matter using sunlight and in the process release oxygen.

cyanobacteria deed oxygen to the earth, O3 makes up the ozone layer, so they made that too

50
Q

what are chemoautotrophic bacteria

A

oxidize inorganic compounds (such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ferrous ions (FE2+) to obtain energy. They are only found in bacteria and archaea

some examples would be bacteria found in the deep sea

51
Q

Lyme disease. What causes it, how does it spread and what are the symptoms?

A

caused by spirochete bacterium, that is spread by ticks. most common symptoms is bulseye looking rash.

later break down cartilage in joints which is similar to arthritis, super late they feed on the brain

51
Q

necrotizing fasciitis. what causes it, symptoms and how does it spread?

A

caused by gram-positive streptococcal bacterium. spreads is that when you get a cut, the endospores get into the cut. once in suitable environment will become active

52
Q

tetanus. What causes it, how does it spread and what are the symptoims

A

caused by obligate anaerobic bacillus bacterium that thrives in deep wounds.

when you get cut goes into body and causes issues. also starts off as endospore on dirty knives or sharp metal,

symptoms are muscle spasm all over. die by larynx region collapsing because of the muscle spasms

53
Q

what is nitrogen fixation and why is it important

A

carried out by bacteria. They break down the triple bond in Nitrogen so it can be used for other things by plants. break it down using enzymes.

These plants then provide these bacteria a home in their root nodules.

54
Q

bacteria and archaea breakdown the cullelose of plant cell walls in the digestive tract of herbivores. What role does it play in our digestive

A

the bacteria in our intestine, one that makes vitamin K found in large intestine. protect against harmful bacteria.

55
Q

bioluminescent bacteria live within organs of deep-sea marine life. What is the purpose of this

A

they can use to attract mates, attrack prey, scare/ confuse predators

56
Q

what is bioremediation

A

using living organisms to bring the environment back to normal state. Spread nitrogen and phosphate to feed bacteria that then feed on oil spills

57
Q

how do bacteria produce antibiotics

A

they make natural antibiotics to prevent other organisms from getting close/ taking their food “zone of inhibition”. we then take their antibiotics and put them into our own

58
Q

how are bacteria important in food production

A

allow us to make cheese, pickle and yogurt

bio 1215: gen bio 2 (10 decks)

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