chapter 1(spec, phylo, taxo, bac +archae)

Question 1

what are the 4 concepts used to define species

Answer 1

morphospecies concept, ecological species concept, biological species concept and phylogenetic species concept

Question 2

explain the morphospecies concept and why it’s not ideal

Answer 2

based on physical appearance, differentiate species this way

not ideal because in many species the male is more colourful than the female. for example male and female peacocks. if you’ve never seen one before, you might think that they’re different species

Question 3

explain the ecological species concept and the issues with it

Answer 3

based on their niche (where they are found and what resources they use.)

the problem with this can be overlapping niche they are many bacteria that live in the same environment (dirt) and eat similar things

Question 4

explain the biological species concept and what issues it has

Answer 4

based on their ability to sexually produce with one another and create fertile offspring

Problems: not all organisms reproduce asexually, for example bacteria. What if they live in different environments and don’t cross paths. For example the elephants in grassland vs forest. Can’t know if different species

Question 5

explain the phylogenetic species concept and what issues it has

Answer 5

use DNA to see how much the DNA of two organisms lines up

-problems: we don’t have the DNA sequence of every species we know about. The elephants are diff species because we know DNA is very different. Helps solve biological species concept and morphospecies concept. The tusks of the elephats are different

Question 6

what are subspecies? what are hybrids?

Answer 6

subspecies are organisms that have evolved in isolation and have distinguishing physical characteristics. an example of this is orangutans. some hair more hair and different hand sizes

hybrids form from the mating of two closely related species which may or may not result in the formation of a new species. An example of this is ligers

Question 7

what are the different evolutionary forces?

Answer 7

mutations, natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow

Question 8

describe mutation and its role in speciation

Answer 8

changes in nucleotide sequence in alleles.

It creates a new allele which can spread throughout the population. can say it contributed to evolution if the population all changes to that specific gene

Question 9

explain natural selection and its role in speciation

Answer 9

when the environment increases beneficial alleles and decreases harmful ones (the beaks of birds on Galapagos).

can eliminate harmful alleles and create new species/subspecies

Question 10

genetic drift vs gene flow and roles in speciation. What is fixation?

Answer 10

genetic drift is when there are random changes in existing alleles due to chance events. can lead to extinction purely by chance

Fixation is when 100% of the population has the allele, extinction is when that allele disappears from the population

gene flow is the mixing of alleles between populations due to migration of individuals from one population to another

affects speciation: if gene flow is elimatinated you get a new species.

GENETIC DRIFT AND GENE FLOW WORK TOGETHER IN THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES

Question 11

Explain and provide examples of allopatric and sympatric speciation. Be able to explain why sympatric speciation is less common

Answer 11

allopatric speciation: when a new species forms in different geographic locations (ex: Galapagos finches that flew to the island because some got blown off course); this is genetic drift not gene flow)

sympatric speciation is when a new species forms in the same geographic area. ex: fruit flies using berries to reproduce, eventually some using apples to continue on life cycle

Sympatric is less common because They are in the same environment and there is gene flow. They are interbreeding. So takes a lot longer to eliminate intermediate species. Still gene flow, but genetic drift makes more sense

Question 12

what are some things to do when evaluating phylogenetic trees

Answer 12

Be caustious about where branching points are. Never count the number of nodes, doesn’t tell u if closer or not as close related. Focus on where node is in relation to time. Share common ancestor at this point in time therefore turtles and mammals are equally related. Makes sure point to node and time

Question 13

branching point vs position of nodes

Answer 13

branching point is a speciation event and represents a common ancestor for all subsequent species,

position of nodes relative to time can be used to show how closely related species are to one another

Question 14

true or false the number of nodes between a common ancestor and a descendant is an indicator of relatedness

Answer 14

false

Question 15

explain homologous vs analogous structures

Answer 15

inherited traits from a common ancestor. like our vertebrae and the vertebrae of monkeys are similar because we share a common ancestor. sometimes not useful.

analogous structures are when organisms have different ancestors but they have structures that serve the same function

like leg of horse and leg of ant, made of different things but serve the same function. don’t have common ancestors

Question 16

what do we call structures that we don’t use anymore

Answer 16

vestigial structures

Question 17

what is an outgroup

Answer 17

a species or group of species that is closely related to but not part of the group

Question 18

what is taxonomy and why is it important

Answer 18

the branch of biology that deals with classifying species according to their morphology and phylogeny. It’s important because there are so many different species and it’s a good idea to organize them to keep track of all of them

Question 19

what are all the levels of classification and how do you remember them

Answer 19

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

dutch kings play chess on finely ground sand

Question 20

why are the terms in latin

Answer 20

1. each part of latin word has meaning. 2. because no longer being used, the meaning of the words no longer change. 3. all scientists agree upon this language

Question 21

what are the 3 domains of life? describe each

Answer 21

1. bacteria which is the most diverse, most widespread and most common prokaryotes
2. archaea are rare ancient prokaryotes that are in a different domain because they live in very hostile environments like geysers
3. eukarya are protists, animals and fungi

Question 22

how do you tell between protists, animals and fungi

Answer 22

fungi and animals are heterotrophs. fungi. put saliva all over their food. break things down externally. animals break down food internally. fungi don’t move but animals do.

Question 23

what is the purpose of classification

Answer 23

allows to organize all species in logical manner, giver information about common features, mammals have hair and are heterotrophs, allows for naming every organism in the universe

Question 24

how do you write out the scientific name fo organisms

Answer 24

Ø Scientific name is written in italics or underlined and consists of two parts:
Ø Genus name is written first and the first letter is capitalized.
Ø Species name follows the genus name and is not capitalized.
Ø Give specific examples of scientific names.

Question 25

bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes what does this mean

Answer 25

they lack membrane-bound organelles and have a very simple structure

Question 26

which types of archaea / bacteria are not unicellular

Answer 26

Cyanobacteria. They stay linked together as binary fission occurs (cell division) they have chlorophyll which allows them to carry out photosynthesis and are multicellular these cell evolved and raised oxygen levels of the world

Question 27

some bacteria/ archaea have a slimy capsule and hair like fimbriae. what are the functions of this?

Answer 27

1. protection-repels invasion and also stick on the surface 2. adherance- Increases the surface area to anchor onto cell 3. hides better - hides in our immune system so we cannot detect it

Question 28

what are the distingushing features of bacteria, eukarya and archaea

Answer 28

Bacteria has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, but lacks histone eukarya doesn't have histones, but has a resistant plasma membrane archaea doesn't have a cell wall or histones

Question 29

what are bacteria cell walls made of. Why?

Answer 29

peptidoglycan which is linked glucose and is the strongest cells walls

Question 30

what organism has resistant plasma membrane? explain

Answer 30

archaea, have esther bonds/linkages. it lacks additional oxy aton making it less likely to undergo hydrolysis 2. the branched amino acids make it harder for moleculesto get across which makes it less leaky and less permeable

Question 31

what are endosperms and what produces them

Answer 31

bacteria produce them. endospores are a copied version of a bacteria that traps the DNA of the bacteria in an egg and keeps the genetic data of the bacteria until the environment is safe for the bacteria again

Question 32

differences between bacteria and archaea and eukarya

Answer 32

bacteria have one circular DNA molecule with no introns and no histones- archaea and eukarya are different. no histones because the cell organizes and compacts the DNA archaea has circular DNA but has introns and histones

Question 33

what are the benefits of having circular DNA

Answer 33

1. can be copied faster 2. no need to separate from histones 3. no detachment from DNA

Question 34

the ribosomes of bacteria and archaea are smaller than eukarya. explain

Answer 34

the ribosomes of bacteris have 3 RNA strands and proteins. the ribosomes of eukarya have 4 RNA strands and proteins

Question 35

why are the flagella of bacteria and archaea different?

Answer 35

because they're an analogous structure

Question 36

true or false bacteria divide through binary fission and have no microtubules / spindle fibers

Answer 36

true

Question 37

why are the divisions of bacteria so rapid? What are the disadvantages of this?

Answer 37

the circular DNA is easier copy and has no introns. This makes the DNA easier to replicate Disadvantages are that all cells are identical so there is no genetic variation which makes it hard to survive if there is a change in their environment They are also susceptible to antibitotics

Question 38

what is conjugation

Answer 38

the one-way transfer of a copy of a small, circular DNA molecule (called plasmid) through a tube like connection (called pilus) creates a cytoplasmic bridge to transfer genetic information exhange

Question 39

what is the advantage of conjugation

Answer 39

it allows for genetic variation so that they can become antibiotic-resistant. creates a new coding for a capsule

Question 40

plasmid vs pilus

Answer 40

Conjugation is the one-way transfer of a copy of a small, circular DNA molecule (called a plasmid) through a tubelike connection (called a pilus)

Question 41

what are the 5 different types of shape that bacteria can have? describe them

Answer 41

cocci: cylinder/ ball shaped bacteria Bacilli: rod shaped bacteria spirochete: spirally with internal flagella that allows them to move around in different environments spirilla: squiggly with external flagella vibrios: comma shaped / curved

Question 42

classification of bacteria based on arrangements (3 kinds)

Answer 42

diplo - pairs strepto - exist in chains -staphylo- exist in clusters

Question 43

gram-positive vs gram-negative bacteria

Answer 43

gram- positive: stains purple because thick peptidoglycan cell wall makes the stain hard to wash out (also has plasma membrane) Gram-negative: bacteria stains pink, are much more dangerous because have hair like structures that can be poisonous by contact, can produce capsil and has 3 layers to penetrate

Question 44

what is a heterotroph?

Answer 44

bacteria that breakdown organic material of other organisms

Question 45

what is an obligate aerobe

Answer 45

need to have oxygen because the final acceptor of electrons of the ETC

Question 46

facultative anaerobes

Answer 46

can live with or without oxygen

Question 47

what are saprotrophs

Answer 47

decompose spoiled food

Question 48

parasites

Answer 48

opp of saprotrophs. feed on loving things, disease-causing bacteria

Question 49

what are photoautorophic bacteria. Give a example?

Answer 49

make their own organic matter using sunlight and in the process release oxygen. cyanobacteria deed oxygen to the earth, O3 makes up the ozone layer, so they made that too

Question 50

what are chemoautotrophic bacteria

Answer 50

oxidize inorganic compounds (such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ferrous ions (FE2+) to obtain energy. They are only found in bacteria and archaea some examples would be bacteria found in the deep sea

Question 51

Lyme disease. What causes it, how does it spread and what are the symptoms?

Answer 51

caused by spirochete bacterium, that is spread by ticks. most common symptoms is bulseye looking rash. later break down cartilage in joints which is similar to arthritis, super late they feed on the brain

Question 51

necrotizing fasciitis. what causes it, symptoms and how does it spread?

Answer 51

caused by gram-positive streptococcal bacterium. spreads is that when you get a cut, the endospores get into the cut. once in suitable environment will become active

Question 52

tetanus. What causes it, how does it spread and what are the symptoims

Answer 52

caused by obligate anaerobic bacillus bacterium that thrives in deep wounds. when you get cut goes into body and causes issues. also starts off as endospore on dirty knives or sharp metal, symptoms are muscle spasm all over. die by larynx region collapsing because of the muscle spasms

Question 53

what is nitrogen fixation and why is it important

Answer 53

carried out by bacteria. They break down the triple bond in Nitrogen so it can be used for other things by plants. break it down using enzymes. These plants then provide these bacteria a home in their root nodules.

Question 54

bacteria and archaea breakdown the cullelose of plant cell walls in the digestive tract of herbivores. What role does it play in our digestive

Answer 54

the bacteria in our intestine, one that makes vitamin K found in large intestine. protect against harmful bacteria.

Question 55

bioluminescent bacteria live within organs of deep-sea marine life. What is the purpose of this

Answer 55

they can use to attract mates, attrack prey, scare/ confuse predators

Question 56

what is bioremediation

Answer 56

using living organisms to bring the environment back to normal state. Spread nitrogen and phosphate to feed bacteria that then feed on oil spills

Question 57

why do bacteria produce antibiotics

Answer 57

they make natural antibiotics to prevent other organisms from getting close/ taking their food "zone of inhibition". we then take their antibiotics and put them into our own

Question 58

how are bacteria important in food production

Answer 58

allow us to make cheese, pickle and yogurt