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bio 1215: gen bio 2 > bio lab 6: chordates > Flashcards

bio lab 6: chordates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

when did the first members of Phylum Chordata evolve in Cambrian seas

A

500 million years ago

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2
Q

what are the 4 traits that all chordates have

A
  1. notochord,
  2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord,
    3.pharyngeal slits or clefts
  3. muscular, post-anal tail
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3
Q

describe the notochord and what is differentiates into

A

flexible rodlike structure of mesodermal cells

become part of vertebral column

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4
Q

describe the dorsal, hollow nerve cord and what it develops into

A

hollow tube of nervous tissue located along the dorsal side of body

develops into central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

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5
Q

describe pharyngeal slits/clefts and what it develops into

A

openings between the pharynx / through and the outside

differentiate into the external ear canal; formation of neck and throat structures

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6
Q

describe the post anal tail and what it differentiates into

A

posterior elongation of body

tail / vestigial structure - in humans/ apes only found in embryonic development

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7
Q

what are the 3 subphyla that phylum Chordata is generally subdivided into?

A

Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates) – invertebrate
Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets) – invertebrate
Subphylum Vertebrata

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8
Q

describe Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates)

A

Adults are sessile (don’t move) sac-like filter feeders. their larval form has tail, the adults doesn’t

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

what is this

A

B. Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)

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11
Q

label the lancelet

A
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

ectothermic vs endothermic

A

ectothermic, meaning that body temperature is dictated by the temperature of the
surrounding environment. Endothermic animals use their metabolism to regulate their
body temperature independent of the environmental temperature.

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14
Q

oviparous vs viviparous vs ovoviviparous

A
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15
Q

if an animal is oviparous does it have an amniotic egg?

A

yess. Egg in which animals develops inside amnion

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16
Q

does having an amniotic egg change what kind of environment animals can be born in?

A

yes, this allows them to live in areas that don’t have as much water. The egg prevents dehydration, provides offspring with nutrients and prevents shock

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17
Q

describe the hagfish

A

has slime defence that can suffocate other animals

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18
Q

The small holes on the sides of the hagfish, approximately one third down the body, are
openings to the gills. What feature of the ancestral chordate develop into the gills?

A

pharyngeal slits

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19
Q

describe the lamprey

A

has a cartilage skeleton and lacks teeth., sucks blood of fish

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20
Q
A
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21
Q
A
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22
Q

The notochord is still present in both hagfish and lamprey. The lamprey also has a
cartilaginous tube with lateral extensions (not visible on this slide) that extend dorsally and
partially enclose the nerve cord. These extensions are the precursors of what anatomical
feature?

A

vertebral column

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23
Q

how does a lamprey feed

A

This fish attaches itself to the exterior of another aquatic
animal, rasps through the skin, and feeds on that animal’s blood.

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24
Q

what class are sharks and rays

A

(Class Chondrichthyes)

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25
Q

describe class Chondrichthyes

A

These fish have well-developed skeletons made of cartilage, not bone. They are placed in
Class Chondrichthyes, which literally means the cartilaginous fishes

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26
Q

What is this structure? label it

A
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27
Q

On the side of the shark’s head and on the underside of the ray’s body are several long slits.
What do these openings enclose?

A

The long slits on the sides of a shark’s head and the underside of a ray’s body are gill slits, which enclose the gills. These structures are vital for the animal’s respiratory system.

Sharks and rays are cartilaginous fish (class Chondrichthyes) that extract oxygen from water as it flows over their gills. Here’s how it works:

  • Sharks: Water enters through the mouth or spiracles (small openings near the eyes in some species), passes over the gills, and exits through the gill slits. The gills are rich in blood vessels, allowing oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide release.
  • Rays: Rays often rely more heavily on spiracles (especially bottom-dwelling species), drawing water in through them, as their mouths are often pressed against the seafloor. The water then flows over the gills and exits through the slits on the body’s underside.

This adaptation is key to their survival in aquatic environments.

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28
Q

Look at the skate egg case (also known as a “mermaid’s purse”) and the dogfish embryos
on display. Note the yolk sac, still attached to the young dogfish. What is the term for each of
these types of gestation?

A

skate egg is oviparous and dogfish is ovovoviviparous

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29
Q

what class are ray finned-fished. Describe it

A

(Class Actinopterygii)

Ray-finned fishes are part of a clade of fish called Osteichthyes, which means “bony fish”.
This means that their skeletons are made of bone instead of cartilage like the hagfish,
lampreys and chondrichthyans

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

operculum

A
  1. Protection: The operculum shields the delicate gills from physical damage, predators, and debris in the water.
  2. Respiratory Facilitation: It plays a critical role in the fish’s breathing process by helping to pump water over the gills:
    • The fish opens its mouth to draw in water.
    • When the mouth closes, the operculum opens slightly, creating a pressure gradient that forces water to flow over the gills.
    • This ensures a continuous flow of oxygenated water, allowing gas exchange to occur efficiently.
  3. Streamlining: The operculum helps maintain the fish’s hydrodynamic shape, reducing drag as it swims.

Unlike cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays), which lack an operculum and rely on multiple gill slits, bony fish have this single covering to house all their gills.

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32
Q
A
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33
Q

what are the function of fish scales

A
34
Q

what is the function of the lateral line system

A

allows fish to determin direction and rate of water movement

35
Q

function of fins

A

swimming, balance, stabilit and steering

36
Q

which fin is used for forward

A

Caudal fin

37
Q

how do sharks move water past their gills

A

Sharks move water past their gills by either:

  1. Ram ventilation: Swimming with their mouths open, forcing water over their gills.
  2. Buccal pumping: Actively pumping water by using mouth and cheek muscles (used by some species).

These methods ensure oxygenated water flows over their gills for respiration.

38
Q

are fish don’t homodont or heterodont

A

homodont

39
Q

wht strutures perform the same function as gills in mammals

A

lungs (they’re analogous)

40
Q

function of gill rakers

A

aid in gathering of food and protection of gills

41
Q

function of liver in fish

A

storage of reserve materials and detoxification

42
Q

function of swim bladder

A

maintain buoyancy at desired depth

43
Q

function of pyloric cecae

A

add additional areas for nutrient absorption in fish

44
Q

gonads of fish

A
45
Q

Locate the large fish that has barbels (whisker-like projections on or near the bottom of the
mouth). What is one function of barbels

A
  1. Locate Food: Detect prey in murky water or dark environments where visibility is poor.
  2. Sense the Environment: Feel and taste the substrate (like mud or sand) to find edible material.

Barbels are especially useful for bottom-dwelling and nocturnal fish, such as catfish and goatfish.

46
Q

in what type of habitat would you expect to find fish with barbels

A

in muddy waters

47
Q

cryptic colouration (camouflage)

A

defense / tactic that organisms use to disguise their appearance, usually blend in with surrounding

48
Q

what is the defense mechanisms where they look like another organism

A

mimicry

49
Q

what is countershading

A

where one part of the body is light and the other is dark, top of sharks blend with the ocean floor when looking down at them, bellies blend with light when looking up at them

50
Q

what is disruptive colouration?

A

idenity/ location of animal is concealed through visual disruption. makes animal question what it is`

51
Q

what class are lobe-finned fishes.

A

Class Sarcopterygii

52
Q

describe lobe-finned fished

A

The Coelacanths were thought to have become extinct over 65 million years ago until live
specimens were discovered in deep water off the coast of Madagascar, East Africa, and in
parts of Asia. These fish have small bony structures in their fins that show the beginning
stages of the tetrapod limb.
Lungfishes are thought to be the aquatic ancestor of terrestrial tetrapods, and are found in
South America, Africa and Australia. Look for the four slender fins on the body of the lungfish
in the picture

53
Q

Do you notice anything different about the fins in this group compared to the Ray-Finned
Fishes?

A

have lobe fins instead of ray fin

54
Q

what class are amphibians a part of? describe it

A

Class Amphibia.

examples include axolotyl, frogs, salamander, newt

Amphibian skin is very thin, usually moist, and covered with a thin layer of mucus. Many
amphibians rely on gas exchange through their skin to supplement breathing with their
lungs. Some species do not even have lungs and rely solely on respiration through their
skin.

55
Q

where do amphibians spend their life

A

Most amphibians spend part of their life cycle in an aquatic environment and part of their life
cycle in a terrestrial environment (some are entirely aquatic.) Most amphibians lay their
unshelled, non-amniotic eggs in masses, either in water or in a moist environment near
water. The male will fertilize the eggs as the female deposits them.

56
Q

what are tadpoles

A

Once the eggs hatch, the
young frogs are called tadpoles.

57
Q

what class are reptiles

describe them.

A

class Reptillia (FIRST TO SHOW AMNIOTIC EGG)

Reptiles have an amniotic egg with a leathery outer layer. This egg provides the embryo
with a very secure and drought-resistant environment to develop in. This evolutionary
development allows many reptiles to be exclusively terrestrial, and even aquatic reptiles
(crocodiles and sea turtles) lay their eggs on land.

58
Q

Is fertilization internal or external in reptiles? How do you know?

is it the same for amphibians?

A

internal because they lay eggs

no, external for amphibians

59
Q

term for animals that lays eggs

A

oviparous

60
Q

what is ecdysis

A

Snakeskin is composed of overlapping scales that cover the entire body and are derived
from the epidermis of the skin, unlike the scales of fish. Snakes shed their skin on a regular
basis, usually once a month; this process is called ecdysis

61
Q

why do snakes shed their skin

A

doesn’t fit anymore, worn out

62
Q

How do snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and turtles raise their body temperature if they are too
cold?

A

bask in the sun

63
Q

what subclass are birds? Describe them?

A

Subclass Aves

The relationship of birds to other animals has long been debated, but the overwhelming
evidence suggests that they are descended from one group of dinosaurs and are a subclass
of Class Reptilia. Crocodiles are actually more closely related to birds than they are to any other reptiles.
The Archaeopteryx is a fossil specimen that has the skeletal features of a small dinosaur, including a long bony tail and a mouth with teeth, but there are also feathered wings clearly imprinted in the rock.

ENCOTHERMIC

64
Q

what common characteristics of these skulls are representative of these birds

A

beaks

65
Q

what feauture typically found on jaws is absent in birds

A

teeth

66
Q

are reptiles endotherms or ectotherms

A

ectotherms

67
Q

what are the one of the distinguishing feature of Subclass Aves

A

The distinguishing feature of Subclass Aves is the presence of feathers. These keep the bird
warm as well as provide the airfoil shape to their forelimbs that allows birds to fly. Different
feathers are adapted for different functions.

68
Q

what class are mammals.

A

Class Mammalia

69
Q

What two characteristics distinguish Class Mammalia from other vertebrate classes?

A
  1. Mammary Glands: Mammals produce milk to nourish their young through specialized glands.
  2. Hair or Fur: Mammals have hair or fur at some stage in their life, which provides insulation and aids in temperature regulation.

These features are unique to mammals and set them apart from other vertebrates.

and feathers

70
Q

homodont vs heterodont

A

Unlike reptile and amphibian teeth, which are homodont (all teeth have the same general
shape and function), most mammals have heterodont dentition

71
Q

incisors

A

Front teeth that are used for cutting or gnawing food into manageable pieces.

72
Q

canines

A

Next to incisors. They are used for tearing and piercing food, holding prey and
for behavioral displays. They are more prominent in the cat, pig and hippopotamus than
in humans. In some herbivores, the canines have been lost (ex. beavers) or they may be
modified to act similarly to incisors (ex. horses).

73
Q

Premolars and Molars:

A

Next to the canines, at the back of the mouth. These teeth vary
tremendously in shape depending on the type of food the animal eats

74
Q

carnivores, the molars are shaped like

A

mountain peaks; they are slender and pointed
at the top. When the animal closes its teeth, the molar on the top jaw slides down beside
the molar on the bottom jaw, and the food is shredded in an action similar to a pair of
scissors

75
Q

herbivores, the molars are

A

wide with raised ridges across the entire tooth; in addition,
the upper molars close down on top of the lower molars. These molars are specialized
for the sideways grinding motion of the jaws which is necessary for grinding tough
fibrous plant material. Another feature typically seen in herbivores is a gap between the
incisors and the molars.

76
Q

In omnivores, the molars are

A

wide and have rounded or bumpy surfaces. Most
importantly, the top molars close on top of the lower molars instead of beside them to
crush food.

77
Q

Would an animal with wide ridged molars and canines that resemble incisors be an
omnivore, carnivore, or herbivore?

A

herbivore

78
Q

There are three groups of mammals with very distinctive reproductive characteristics:
Monotremes, Marsupials and Eutherians.

A

Monotreme mammals lay eggs, marsupials
have a pouch in which their young finish their embryonic development. Eutherians (placental
mammals) nourish their developing embryos in the uterus with a placenta.

79
Q

out of all the groups (Monotremes, Marsupials and Eutherians) which one is viviparous

which are oviparous

A

eutharians

monotremes

80
Q
A

bio 1215: gen bio 2 (10 decks)

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