Protis Ch. 21

Question 1

Origin of Eukaryotes

Answer 1

1. prokaryote gained nucleus and ER from in folded plasma membrane
2. mitochondrion from endosymbiosis
3. Chloroplast from endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria
4. Unique plastids came from the secondary endosymbiosis of sybiotic alga

Question 2

Protist Cell Structure

Answer 2

nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles

Question 3

Saprobes

Answer 3

absorb nutrients from dead organic matter

Question 4

Protist motility

Answer 4

flagella: (one or more)
Cilia: (beat in a coordinated manner to swim)

Question 5

Pseudopodia

Answer 5

cytoplasmic extensions that anchor the pseudopodia to a substrate and pulls themselves forward.

Question 6

Phototaxis

Answer 6

movement towards light coupled with a light sensing organism

Question 7

Alteration of Generations

Answer 7

protist have multicellular stages in both haploid and diploid forms.

Question 8

Cyst

Answer 8

protective resting stage against adverse environmental conditions

Question 9

Archaeplastida major group

Answer 9

Red alga and green alga (chlorophytes and Charophytes)

Question 10

Red Alga

Answer 10

Chloroplast include unique red phycoerythrin accessory pigment which helps it absorb light in deeper water.
Used to make carrageenan and agar

Question 11

Chlorophytes distinct traits

Answer 11

“green algae”
bi-flagellated cells

Question 12

Chlorophytes forms

Answer 12

unicellular: phytoplankton
colonial form: Volvox
Multinucleate single cell: Caulerpa (looks like plant)
multicellular form: cladophora (freshwater alge) & Ulva (seaweed)

Question 13

Amoebozoa

Answer 13

Slime molds
Gymnamoeba
Entamoeba

Question 14

Key morphological Traits of Amoebozoa

Answer 14

Amoebas with lobe shaped or tube shaped pseudopodia

Question 15

Slime Mold

Answer 15

live in moist terrestrial habitats
-use pseudopodia to move and ingest bacteria

Question 16

Gymnamoebas

Answer 16

ex: amoeba proteus
move with fat pseudopodia

Question 17

Entamoebas

Answer 17

PARASITES
spread through cysts
ex: entamoeba histolytica which causes amebic dystentary

Question 18

Excavata

Answer 18

Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans

Question 19

Excavata unifying feature

Answer 19

All are unicellular, flagellated and have no cell wall

Question 20

Diplomonads

Answer 20

Anaerobic and parasitic
parasite example: Giardia intestinalis (durable cyst consumed in water)

Question 21

Parabasalids

Answer 21

anaerobic, symbiotic
ex: Trichomonas Vaginalis (human vaginal parisite)
ex of symbiotic relationships: Parabasalids in termites contain symbiotic bacteria to help the termites digest wood.

Question 22

Euglenozoans

Answer 22

Flagella with crystaline rod
- ex: Euglenas - free-living aquatic autotrophs with green chloroplast
ex: trypanosoma (blood parasite) which causes african sleeping sickness

Question 23

Stramenopiles

Answer 23

Diatoms
Brown Algae
Oomycetes

Question 24

Diatoms

Answer 24

->Unicellular Phytoplankton (algae)
-> Yellow and brown accessory pigments
-> Silica walls aka glass like
->(No flagellum except in gamete)
Photoautotrophs

Question 25

Brown Algae

Answer 25

-> multicellular
-> brownish accessory pigments
-> large thallose form
-> cell wall with cellulose & algin

Question 26

Kelp

Answer 26

Brown algae that humans eat. The algin it contains is a commercial food thickener

Question 27

Oomycetes

Answer 27

->multinucleate
-> Absorbtive heterotrophs (they break down nutrients and then consume it)
-> cell walls have cellulose
-> ex: Phytophthora infestans (potato late blight) which cause the irish famine
-> spores have flagella

Question 28

Alveolates

Answer 28

Dinoflagellates
Aicomplexans
Ciliates

Question 29

Common Alveolate features

Answer 29

All have membrane-enclosed sac beneath the cell membrane called alveolus.

Question 30

Dinoflagella

Answer 30

Unicellular aquatic hetertroph or phytolankton with reddish accessory pigments
-> have a par of flagella in perpendicular grooves
-> Producers of “blooms” called “red rides” which are toxic
-> some are bioluminescent

Question 31

Apicomplexans

Answer 31

Unicellular parasite of animals w/ no cell wall
-require multiple hosts and have multiple forms
ex: PLASMODIUM AKA MALARIA AKA TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITES

Question 32

Apical complex

Answer 32

Helps apicomplexans enter host cell walls.

Question 33

Ciliates

Answer 33

Unicellular ingestive heterotrophs with no cell wall
-use cilia for feeding and movement
ex: Paramecium
-have two nucleus, micro (sexual reproduction) and macro (asexual binary fission + all other functions)

Question 34

Rhzarians

Answer 34

Radiolarians
Forams
Cercozoans

Question 35

“SAR” Clade

Answer 35

Stramenopies
Alveolates
Rhzarians

Question 36

Characteristics of the SAR clade

Answer 36

Hairy and smooth flagella

Membrane enclosed sacs (aveoli) beneath plasma membrane

Amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia

Question 37

Examples of SAR clade

Answer 37

Plasmodium
Paramecium

Question 38

Malaria Life Cycle

Answer 38

Asexual Stage
1. Human infected by mosquito and Sporozites infect liver cells
2. Schizonts form in the liver cells and when that burst is released Merozites
3. Red blood cells infected by merozites
Sexual Stage
4. red blood cells lyse and released gametes which are picked up in mosquitoes
5. fertilize in mosquitoes gut and eventually oocyst burst releasing sporozoids.