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BIOL 112 > Biol Lab Exam Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Biol Lab Exam Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

All organisms of the same group or species that inhabit the same area and can interbreed

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2
Q

What are the assumption of HWE?

A

No Selection
No Gene flow
Random mating
Infinite population size
No mutation

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3
Q

HW Equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2

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4
Q

allelic frequency

A

how often an allele shows up in a population

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5
Q

Genotypic frequency

A

how common a single phenotype occurs in a population

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6
Q

Describe how you would expect the allelic and genotypic frequencies of a population to change when subjected to each of the five evolutionary processes (Genetic drift)

A

frequencies will change randomly - if the population is small enough, it may lead to the fixation of one of the alleles.

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7
Q

We discussed two methods for deleterious alleles to persist in a population. What were these? Which applied to Sickle Cell Anemia ?

A

-Heterozygote Advantage (This applied to SCA!)
-Recessive Refuge

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8
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

when the heterozygous genotype has an advantage over either of the homozygous genotypes
examples: being heterozygous with an allele for sickle cell trait and an allele for normal red blood cells.

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9
Q

gel electrophoresis lane 1

A

positive control

In terms of the malaria experiment: HbS-HbS genotypic blood (sickle cell)

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10
Q

gel electrophoresis lane 2

A

negative control

in terms of the malaria experiment: HbA-HbA genotypic blood (no sickle cell) (will be further down compared to the sickle cell control)

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11
Q

What does it mean if the hemoglobin travels farther?

A

Normal hemoglobin travels faster than those with sickle cell anemia because of its shape. So further travel means normal hemoglobin.

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12
Q

Recessive Refuge

A

phenomenon that enables a deleterious recessive allele to persist in a gene pool by “hiding out” in heterozygous individuals

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13
Q

Apomorphy

A

new, derived characteristic unique to a group or species. (not present in ancestor)

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14
Q

plesiomorphy

A

ancestral trait a taxon retains throughout its evolution.

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15
Q

synapomorphic traits

A

shared derived traits present in entire clade

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16
Q

autapomorphic traits

A

unique, derived traits found in only one group and absent in even the closest ones

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17
Q

symplesiomorphic traits

A

shared, ancestral trait (shared by two taxa and still have the ancestral trait)

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18
Q

sister taxa

A

two taxa that share the most recent common ancestor

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19
Q

Node

A

branch point that represents a taxonomic level

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20
Q

Convergent evolution

A

when two organisms separately developed similar traits due to being in similar environments

21
Q

Monophyletic

A

single common ancestor and ALL its descendants

22
Q

Paraphyletic

A

common ancestor + some descendants

23
Q

Polyphyletic

A

grouping with no recent common ancestor

24
Q

Importance of an outgroup and how its represented on a character matrix

A

has all the ancestral (plesiomorphic traits)
- used to compare to other organisms
- numbered with all 0s always

25
Q

Synapomorphy verses analogous trait

A

synapomorphic comes from related species while analogous trait is similar traits in organisms that arise for reasons other than relatedness.

26
Q

principle of parsimony

A

cladogram with the fewest changes is usually the best

27
Q

domain eukarya

A
  1. DNA is linear
  2. have nuclei
  3. have membrane-bound organelles (chloroplast / mitochondria)
  4. mitosis and meiosis
28
Q

domain bacteria

A
  1. DNA is circular
  2. no nucleus
  3. no membrane-bound organelles

*defining characteristic of a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

29
Q

Archaea

A
  1. no membrane bound organelles
  2. no peptidoglycan
    *3. branched membrane lipids
  3. circular chromosomes
30
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A

Coccus: round bacteria
Bacillus: rod like bacteria
Spirilla: spiral bacteria

31
Q

Why is it sometimes difficult to determine the phylogeny of single celled organisms

A

Because they may contain genes from other prokaryotes nearby or simply have no shared genes from the common ancestor.

32
Q

Aerobic Bacteria

A

Require oxygen

33
Q

Anaerobic Bacteria

A

Cannot tolerate oxygen

34
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Prefer oxygen, but can survive without it

35
Q

Why are cyanobacteria ecologically important

A

responsible for the oxygenation of the ocean and air some fix nitrogen from the air via heterocyst cells (fundamental food and nutrients for plants that can’t consume nitrogen in the air)

36
Q

What distinguishes cyanobacteria from other bacteria?

A

Contain thylakoids and perform oxygenic photosynthesis.

37
Q

theory of endosymbiosis

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts may have originally been bacteria that were engulfed and embraced by a larger bacteria or eukaryote

38
Q

Akinete

A

allows cyanobacteria to live in harsh environments and preform nitrogen fixation

39
Q

heterocyst

A

lets cyanobacteria photosynthesized

40
Q

Excavata groups

A

Eukarya
Excavata
Eugenozoa
Subgroup: euglendia
ex: Euglena

41
Q

Excavata Characteristics

A

1-2 flagella
Flexible penecile
stigma protien (eyespot)
look like a squigly leaf sorta

42
Q

What trophic are Euglena

A

Mixotrophic

43
Q

Unikonta

A

Eukarya
Amoebozoa
ex: slime mold, amoeba, Pelomyxa

44
Q

Characteristics of Amoebozoa

A

No shell or cell wall
large single celled organism
Tubular pseudopodia

45
Q

Archaeplastidia

A

Archaeplastidia
1. Chlorophyta
->Chlamydomonas / volvox
2. Charophyta
3. Spirogyra

46
Q

Which organism is completely unicellular (does not form colonies)

A

Chlamydomonas

47
Q

Which organisms are colonial?

A

Volvox

48
Q

By what methods do Chlamydomonas reproduce?

A

Isogamous reproduction (they are their own gametes)

49
Q

How do Chlamydomonas reproduce in harsh conditions?

A

produce resistant diploid zygotes and will do meiosis when conditions are more favorable.

BIOL 112 (7 decks)

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