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BIOL 112 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What role does pigment in fungi play?

A

Protective role against ultraviolet radiation

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2
Q

The rigid layers of fungal cell walls contain complex polysaccharides called?

A

Chitin and Glucan

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3
Q

Chitin provides…?

A

structural strength to cell walls of fungi

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4
Q

Fungal plasma membranes are stabilized by?

A

Ergosterol

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5
Q

What is Ergosterol?

A

Steroid molecule that replaces the cholesterol found in animal cell membranes

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6
Q

Chytrid

A

Type of fungi that live in aquatic environments and are the only fungi that are flagellated

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7
Q

What is the main fungus body called

A

Mycelium

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8
Q

Mycelium

A

Network of threat like hyphae (hypha singular) often unseen either underground or within the host

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9
Q

Septate hyphae

A

hyphae that is split into various cells

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10
Q

Coenocytic hypha

A

multinucleate organism with no cross section cell walls

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11
Q

What makes fungi absorptive heterotrophs

A

They hyphae feed by absorbing simple organic compounds

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12
Q

Saprobes

A

Fungi that feed on decaying / dead plant matter

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13
Q

Haustoria

A

Specialized hyphae that penetrates the cell walls of the host plant without killing the cell

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14
Q

Fungal Reproduction

A

Can be sexual and asexual spores
Spores are haploid and dispersed by air/water to new resources

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15
Q

Asexual Fungal Reproduction

A

Asexual spores are made through mitosis and grow genetically identical mycelia

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16
Q

Types of Asexual spores

A

Conidiospores and sporangiospores

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17
Q

Conidiospores

A

Where the hyphae is created and has no reproductive sac and are released directly

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18
Q

Sporangiospores

A

Contain special reproductive sac where spores are released from.

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19
Q

Asexual fungal reproduction produces…

A

genetically identical mycelium

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20
Q

budding

A

Bulge forms on side of the cell, nucleus divides through mitosis and detaches itself from the mother cell.

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20
Q

Fragmentation

A

bits of mycelium can grow into new individual mycelium.

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21
Q

Sexual reproduction happens in fungi when…

A

environmental conditions are unfavorable

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22
Q

Do fungi have genders?

A

No, they have mating types which are (+) and (-)

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23
Q

Homothallic

A

self fertile; when both mating types are present in the same mycelium

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24
Q

Heterothalic

A

Mycelia require two different but compatible mycelia to reproduce sexually

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25
Q

Steps to form a zygote (fungi)

A
  1. plasmogamy
  2. heterokaryotic stage
  3. karyogamy
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26
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of haploid (+) & (-) hyphae

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27
Q

heterokaryotic stage

A

hyphae with unfused haploid nuclei of both + and -

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28
Q

Karyogamy

A

fusion of haploid nuclei to form zygote

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of Chytridomycota?

A

Aquatic decomposers, flagellated, with motile zoospores, unicellular

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of Zygomycota?

A

zygosporangium (strong resistants), coenocytic hyphae, saprobes

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of ascomycota?

A

Ascopores (sexual spores) released in ascus
Conidiospores (asexual spores) released by conidiophores

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of Basidiomycetes?

A

Basidospores (sexual) found within basidium
Basidia (reproductive organ) contained within familiar mushroom (underside flappy bit of mushrooms)

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of Glomeromycetes?

A

arbuscular mycorrhizae

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34
Q

Fungi as decomposers are important because?

A

Break down dead tissue (including lignin)

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35
Q

Ectomycorrhizae

A

fungus remains outside root and is between cells.

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36
Q

What phylum of fungi form ectomycorrhizae

A

ascomycota, basiliomycota, zygomycota

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37
Q

Endomycorrrhizae / arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

fungi penetrate cell walls and form haustoria

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38
Q

What phylum of fungi form endomycorrhizae

A

Glomeromycetes

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39
Q

Lichens

A

Mutalistic relationship between an algae cell and fungal hypahe

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40
Q

Soredia

A

structure of lichen; algal + fungal partner

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41
Q

Ergot

A

infection in plants caused by mycotoxins

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42
Q

Ergotism

A

infection in animals and humans cause by mycotoxins in fungi

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43
Q

Adaptations plants developed from water to land

A

alteration of generations, apical meristem tissue, waxy cuticle, lignin in cell walls

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44
Q

Alteration of Generations

A

2n and n multicellular forms; gameophyte (n) and sporophyte (2n)

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45
Q

Apical Meristem tissue

A

Tissue that allows the root and shoot to grow towards ground resources (minerals and water) and towards sunlight respectfully.

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46
Q

Walled haploid spores

A

made with multicellular sporangium and is protected by sporopollenin (sporophye generation)

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47
Q

Multicellular gameangia (male)

A

gameophyte generation; sperm is protected within antheridium

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48
Q

Multicellular gameangia (female)

A

egg is protected within archegonium; this is where fertilization occurs.

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49
Q

Waxy Cuticle

A

Prevents desiccation (drying out) and allows for the exchange of CO2 and O2. Process is controlled through stomata

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50
Q

Secondary metabolites

A

chemicals that deter, repel, or poison competitors, herbivores and parasites
ex: caffeine, latex rubber

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51
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

mutalism with fungi; helps water and mineral absorption for plants and fungi get glucose from plant

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52
Q

Seedless, nonvascular plants

A

Bryophytes

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53
Q

Characteristics of seedless nonvascular plants

A

require water for reproduction and have rhizoids (not true roots)

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54
Q

Characteristics of Bryophytes

A

-Haploid gametophyte is dominant
-sporophyte dependent on gametophyte
-grows within archegonium of gametophyte
-sporangium makes haploid spores

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55
Q

3 phyla of bryophytes

A

Liverworts, hornworts, mosses

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56
Q

Structure of sporophyte

A

Foot, Seta, capsule

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57
Q

Capsule

A

Sporangium; produces spores via meiosis

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58
Q

Seta

A

stock that moves nutrients to sporangium (capsule)

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59
Q

Foot

A

in archagonium; absorbs nutrients from the female gametophyte

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60
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants Characteristics

A

Sporophytes are independent of gametophyte for nutrition

Diploid sporophyte dominates life cycle

Transport in Xylem and Phloem

True roots and true leaves

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61
Q

Xylem

A

cells specialized to move water and minerals

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62
Q

Phloem

A

cells specialized to move sugar, amino acids, and other organic products

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63
Q

What plants have microphylls?

A

Lycophytes ONLY

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64
Q

microphyll leaves

A

leaves with unbranched vascular tissue

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65
Q

megaphyll leaves

A

leaves with branched vascular tissue

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66
Q

What plants have megaphyll leaves?

A

all vascular plants except for lycophytes

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67
Q

Sporophylls

A

Leaves modified to bear sporangia; they tend to have sori on the underside of their leaves

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68
Q

Sori

A

generates spores on the underside of leaves.

69
Q

Homosporous spore production

A
  1. sporangium on sporophyll
  2. single type of spore
  3. typically a bisexual gametophyte that can be eggs or sperm
70
Q

Hetersporous spore production

A
  1. Mega/Microsporangium on mega/microsporophyll
  2. megaspore / microspore
    3a. Megaspore becomes female gametophyte
    3b. Microspore becomes male gameophyte
    4a. egg
    4b. sperm
71
Q

Lychtophytes examples

A

Ex: Club mosses ( homosporous)
Spikemoss and quillworts (heterosporous)

72
Q

Pterophytes

A

Ferns and relatives
ex: Horsetails, whisk ferns, and ferns

73
Q

Whisk ferns

A

Dichotomous branching
homosporous
photosynthesis in stem

74
Q

Horsetails

A

Joined stems with tiny leaves
Strobili
homosporous
photosynthesis in stem

75
Q

Strobulus

A

The modified cone like structure that modified and occurs in Lycophyte sporophylls

76
Q

Ferns

A

homosporous
large megaphylls
sori on sporophylls
mostly found in understory or as epiphytes (grows on surface of a plant)

77
Q

Embryo

A

produced from the diploid zygote, gorws into the sporophyte when seed germinates

78
Q

Seed

A

offers the embryo protection, nourishment, allows plants to disperse the next generation through both space and time

79
Q

What kinda of sporous are seed plants?

A

Heterosporous

80
Q

megaspores

A

grow into female gametophytes

81
Q

microsporous

A

grown into male gametophytes

82
Q

Where do both gametophytes mature in seed plants?

A

Within the sporangia

83
Q

Ovule consist of?

A

integument + meagsporangium + megaspore

84
Q

Where does the pollen grain enter the ovule?

A

through the micropyle

85
Q

Pollen Grains

A

male gametophyte surrounded by pollen wall

86
Q

Sporopollenin

A

found in the cell wall that protects pollen grains

87
Q

Pollination

A

transfer of a pollen to a part of the seed plant that contain the ovule

88
Q

Characteristics of Gymnosperm

A

Dominant sporophyte
hetersporous
Reproductive organs can form in cones or strobili
Monoecious or Dioecious

89
Q

Monoecious

A

both male and female sporangia are produced on the same plant

90
Q

Dioecious

A

male and female are produced on different plants

91
Q

Which gymnosperms have flagellated sperm?

A

Cycadophyta (cycads) and Ginkophyta (Ginkgos)

92
Q

Coniferophyta (Conifers)

A

“Cone bearers”
male pollen cone and female ovulate cone
Dominate in high altitudes and b/c of this the have needle like leaves

93
Q

Cycaophyta (cycads)

A

Have flagellated sperm
beetles are involved in their pollination

94
Q

Ginkgophyta (ginkgos)

A

only one tree: Ginkgo biloba
flagellated sperm

95
Q

Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)

A

Contains ephedra which is used as a potent decongestant (Ephedrine)

96
Q

Purpose of flowers?

A

specialized to facilitate reproduction; attracts pollinators and protects developing plant embryo

97
Q

Sepals

A

green leaf like appendages that enclose the rest of the flower

98
Q

Petals

A

brightly colored appendages that aid in attracting pollinators

99
Q

Stamen

A

produces pollen grains and contain male reproductive structures

100
Q

Filament

A

stalk that holds up the pollen producing sac

101
Q

Anther

A

terminal sac that produces polle

102
Q

Carpel / Pistil

A

Female reproductive system of the flower

103
Q

Stigma

A

stick tip of carpel that receives pollen

104
Q

Style

A

long tube leading from stigma to ovary

105
Q

Ovary

A

structure at base of carpel that produces ovules

106
Q

Ovules

A

develops into seeds if fertilized

107
Q

Angiosperm life cycle (Male part)

A

->In the anthers (microsporangium)
1. male sporocytes (2n) divide by meiosis to create haploid microspores (n)
2. These microscpores will undergo mitosis to create pollen grain.

108
Q

What two cell do pollen grains contain?

A

1 generative cell (which contains two sperm) and 1 pollen tube cell

109
Q

Angiosperm life cycle (Female part)

A

-> In the Ovule
1. megasporocyte undergoes meiosis resulting in 4 megaspores (3 small, 1 large)
2.only large megaspore survives (embryo sac)
3. large megaspore undergoes mitosis 3 times to produce 8 nuclei distributed among 7 cells.
3a. 3 cells at one pole become 1 egg and 2 synergids. Remaining 3 become antipodial
4. center cell becomes 2 polar nuclei

110
Q

Double fertilization

A

Two sperm needed; one fuses with the egg to produce the zygote and the other sperm fuses with the central (polar) nuclei to form the endosperm (provides food to the seed)

111
Q

Fruit

A

Mature flower ovary that thickens around the seed

112
Q

Monocots

A

have 1 (one) cotyledons

113
Q

Cotyledons

A

transmits food inside seed/endosperm

114
Q

Characteristics of monocots

A

1.parallel veins on leaves
2. scattered vascular tissue
3. root system is fibrous
4. pollen grain with 1 opening
5. floral organs in mutiples of three

115
Q

Eudicots

A

two cotyledons

116
Q

Characteristics of Eudicots

A
  1. Net like veins
  2. vascular tissue arranged in a ring
  3. taproot
  4. pollen grain with 3 openings
  5. floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5
117
Q

Closest living relative of animals?

A

Choanoflagellates

118
Q

Embroyonic development

A
  1. Zygote
    (clevage occurs)
  2. Eight cell stage (clevage)
  3. Blastula cross section
    (Gastrulation)
  4. Gastrula Cross section
119
Q

Clevage

A

Series of mitotic cell divisions

120
Q

Primative gut is called?

A

Archenteron

121
Q

Opening of Archenteron is called?

A

Bastopore

122
Q

Blastula Cross section is?

A

Single layer cell with a hollow space filled with fluid called bastocoel

123
Q

What results from gastrulation?

A

germ layers

124
Q

Order of Germ layer formation

A

Endoderm & ectoderm first and then mesoderm forms between them

125
Q

Hox Genes

A

contain homeoboxes which determine embryonic development

126
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

two unmirrroed image halves, and only have a oral side (top) and aboral side (bottom)
Ex: jellyfish

127
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

two axes of orientation. front, back, top and bottom (one plane of symmetry)

128
Q

Cephalization

A

concentration of nervous system in the anterior head “head” or the organism

129
Q

Diploblastic

A

has two germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm

130
Q

ectoderm gives rise to?

A

outer covering and nerves

131
Q

endoderm gives rise to?

A

digestive track, internal organs, and lungs

132
Q

Triploblastic

A

all 3 germ layers, mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm

133
Q

mesoderm gives rise to?

A

muscle, bones, blood, etc.

134
Q

Most animals have a ?

A

Coelom (only triploblastic creatures have this)

135
Q

Purpose of body cavity

A

cushions and protects internal organs, allows organs (like your lungs) to move independently of the body cavity, provides space for the diffusion of gasses and nutrients, and allows for body flexibility

136
Q

True coeloms

A

forms tissue derived from the mesoderm

137
Q

Pseudocoeloms

A

body cavity that is formed from both the mesoderm AND endoderm

138
Q

Acoelomates

A

Have no body cavity

139
Q

How does coelom form in protosomes?

A

splits from the mesoderm and forms the mouth from the blastopore

140
Q

Spiral Cleavage

A

Planes of cell divisions that are oblique angles to the embryo’s axis. (done by protosomes)

141
Q

Radial Cleavage

A

Planes of cell division are parallel or perpendicular to the embryo’s axis (deutrosomes)

142
Q

Endothermic

A

Animals that generate their own heat; includes birds and mammals

143
Q

Ectothermic

A

Animals gain heat from external sources; most invertebrates, fishes, and amphibians

144
Q

Basic Metabolic rate

A

Average amount of energy used by an organism in a non active state

145
Q

Torpor

A

physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases

146
Q

Hibernation

A

long term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity.

147
Q

What is summer torpor called?

A

estivation

148
Q

Estivation enables animals to?

A

survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water

149
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

direction of incoming stimuli ends up being reversed. ex: blood sugar levels

150
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

direction of stimuli is not changed, rather instead it is maintained and even amplified. ex: child birth

151
Q

acclimatization

A

adjustments to changes in external environment

152
Q

Heat regulation in mammals often involves the ?

A

integumentary system

153
Q

5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate

A
  1. insulation
  2. circulatory adaptations
    3.cooling by evaporative heat loss
  3. behavior responses
  4. adjusting metabolic heat production
154
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Lines surfaces and internal organs

155
Q

How are epithelial tissues classified?

A

through single layer (simple) and multiple layers (stratified)

156
Q

Different types of epithelial tissue

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

157
Q

Connective tissue

A

comes from the mesoderm; connects tissues together and provides support. made up of fibroblast and some combination of collage, elastic or reticular fibers

158
Q

Cartilage

A

found in ears for example and made up of collagen fibers

159
Q

Bone

A

found in vertebrate skeletons and contain some collagen and elastic fibers

160
Q

Blood

A

has no fibers and found in the blood

161
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Generates movement

162
Q

Skeletal tissue

A

many nuclei, have voluntary control and located at skeletal muscles and have striations

163
Q

Smooth tissue

A

no striations and moves involuntarily
one nuclei.
located at the organs

164
Q

Cardiac tissue

A

has striations
has one nuclei and move involuntary.
connected with intercalated discs

165
Q

Nervous tissue

A

develops from the ectoderm and are made up of neurons and glial cells.

166
Q

Cell body

A

large structure with central nucleus

167
Q

Dendrites

A

specialized in receiving input

168
Q

Axon

A

specialized in transmitting impulses

169
Q

astrocyte

A

regulate the chemical environment of the nerve cell

170
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

insulate the axon so the electrical nerve impulse is transferred more efficiently

171
Q

Axon terminal

A

endings of axon through which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells

BIOL 112 (7 decks)

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