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BIOL 112 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is not in Darwin’s theory?

A
  1. Evolution creates a new form of life by dramatic mutations
  2. An organism can evolve during its lifetime
  3. An organism can influence the evolution of its own structures in response to its environment
  4. Evolution is a completely random process
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2
Q

What is evolution?

A

Evolution is the change organisms go throughout earth’s history.

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3
Q

Aristotle’s theory

A

Fixed ideal species & the ladder of nature

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4
Q

Linnaeus

A

“father of taxonomy” who made an orderly classification system by grouping similar species into general categories. Also created binomial naming

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5
Q

Theory of Gradualism

A

Proposed by geologist James Hutton who believed that earth’s geological features are a result from gradual processes

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6
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Charles Lyell expanded on Hutton’s idea; the same geological processes in the past as today. Rate of change today = rate of change in past

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7
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

(grandfather) first person to formally propose the theory of evolution in his book. He however was not the one to propose natural selection

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8
Q

Lamarck

A

Linked evolution to adaptations (extinct species could not adapt and therefore went extinct)

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9
Q

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired traits

A

Proposed by Lamarck; if an organism changes during its life in order to adapt to its environment then those changes are passed onto its offspring (wrong concept, darwin rejected these ideas)

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10
Q

Darwin’s book

A

Origin of species - 1859

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11
Q

Natural Selection

A

Survival of the fittest is the reproduction of individuals with favorable genetic traits that survive environmental change bc of those traits. Leading to evolutionary change.

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12
Q

Descent with modification

A

Darwin proposed that many species on earth are descendants of ancestral past species that were different from today’s species.

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13
Q

Theory of evolution by natural selection

A

genetic variation is essential for evolution by natural selection. no variation = no adaptations

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14
Q

Fossil records

A

fossil intermediates seem to be an evolutionary transition between two groups of organisms

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15
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Represented the transition of organisms from water to land

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16
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

evolution of bird from reptile

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17
Q

Homology

A

forms/limbs related by common ancestry and are a result of divergent evolution

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18
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures between groups of organisms that have same overall layout and structure. Result of their common ancestor (do not all have the same function)
ex: mammal forelimbs

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19
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Fully functional in ancestors but no longer functional to us/present organisms.
ex: wings on flightless birds

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20
Q

Analogous structures

A

Same function of limb but are not a result of a common ancestor. (no common ancestor but have similar structure with similar function.)

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21
Q

Biogeography

A

distribution of species which corresponds to geographical history.

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22
Q

Wallace’s line

A

an imaginary line that explains the variation between organisms in islands a couple miles apart.

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23
Q

Endemic

A

not found elsewhere

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24
Q

Molecular Biology

A
  1. DNA analysis supports evolution
  2. Closely related organisms have similar DNA
  3. Evolution of new functions for proteins after mutations. Similar DNA sequences are the strongest evidence for evolution from a common ancestor.
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25
Q

Convergence Evolution

A

Natural selection acted in the same way under the same conditions. (their similar environmental conditions caused animals to have similar adaptations)

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26
Q

Species

A

A group of organism that can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring (not based on similar appearance)

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27
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of two species from one original species

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28
Q

Gene Flow

A

the movement of alleles across a species range. (if gene flow occurs they are same species)

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29
Q

Allele

A

One of a number of altering forms of a DNA sequence at a particular genetic locus

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30
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Members of the same biological species share the same gene pool because there is gene flow between two populations and they are reproductively isolated from other species by natural biological barriers.

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31
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

Organisms that have significant morphological and anatomical differences are different species

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32
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

Species have different breeding schedules

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33
Q

Habitual Isolation

A

Members of species move or are otherwise separated

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34
Q

Behavior isolation

A

Certain actions or behaviors (or the lack of them) impacts reproduction

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35
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

differences in gamete cells prevents fertilization

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36
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

When mating is impossible between different animal species because of incompatibility

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37
Q

Prezygotic

A

Before reproduction

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38
Q

Postzygotic

A

After reproduction

39
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

an embryo is produced, but cannot survive development (nonviable)
ex: hybrid salamander

40
Q

Hybrid Sterility / Reduced Hybrid Fertility

A

Different species can produce a viable offspring, but that offspring cannot reproduce
ex: mules

41
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

2nd generation hybrids are feeble or sterile
ex: 2nd generation rice plant

42
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

speciation that occurred because of geographical isolation

43
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Speciation that occurs in the same geographical area. (rarely occurs in animals)

44
Q

Dispersal

A

When a few members of a species move to new geographical areas (allopatric speciation)

45
Q

Vicariance

A

When a natural situation physically divides organisms (allopatric speciation)

46
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

When organisms diversify rapidly from ancestral species due to multiple speciation events. (many adaptation evolve from a single point of origin, thus causing the species to radiate into several new ones.
(i.e the finches Darwin observed in the Galapagos)

47
Q

Hybrid Zones

A

Exist during allopatric speciation; these are areas where two closely related species interact and interbreed.

48
Q

Reinforcement

A

Hybrids are less fit than either purebred species. The species continue to diverge until hybridization can not occur. Reproductive barriers are strengthened/reinforced.

49
Q

Fusion

A

Reproductive barriers weaken until the two species become one.
Weak reproductive barriers that allow for increased gene flow.

50
Q

Stability

A

Fit hybrids continue to be produced. Barriers remain the same so hybridization continues.

51
Q

Chromosomal errors

A

Accident during meiosis can result in sympatric speciation. Examples include Aneuploidy where nondisconjunction causes too many or too few chromosomes.

52
Q

Autoplodity

A

“self”; the extra set of chromosomes is of the same species.

53
Q

Alloplodity

A

Source of the extra pair of chromosomes is a different species. It takes two generations before the offspring will be fertile and viable.

54
Q

Gradual Speciation

A

Species diverge gradually through time with small steps (hard to determine the exact point where divergence occured)

55
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed producing fertile.

56
Q

What makes evolution possible?

A

Genetic variation

57
Q

“Fixed” Alleles

A

an allele that is the only variant that exist for a gene in a population.

58
Q

Genotypic Frequency

A

% portion of each genotype in the population

59
Q

Allelic Frequency

A

% of each allele in the population

60
Q

Microevolution

A

an evolving population that is showing genetic changes in alleles over generations.

61
Q

Population genetic

A

the study of what changes the allele frequencies in populations.

62
Q

What three mechanisms cause allele frequency to change?

A

Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Gene flow

63
Q

Hardy-Weinberg

A

If a large population reproduces sexually at random, then genetic frequencies should not change in the next generation.

64
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Condition

A
  1. mutations
  2. mating at random
  3. no natural selection
  4. super huge population size
  5. no gene flow in or out
65
Q

Genetic Drift

A

change in frequency of a genetic variant in the population due to random chance.

66
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

67
Q

Natural selection (microevolution)

A
  1. Acts non-randomly on phenotypes of individuals.
  2. Changes allelic & genotypic frequencies of populations non-randomly
  3. always leads to adaptation of population to current enviornment
    ex: pest resistance to DDT
68
Q

Genetic Drift (microevolution)

A

genetic frequency changes due to random events.
-often occurs in small populations

69
Q

Outcomes of genetic drift

A

Random changes in allele frequency in either direction. Which reduced genetic diversity as one allele may becomes “fixed” and all other alleles are lost.

70
Q

Founder Effect

A

A few founders start a new isolated populations. The founders gene pool differs from original source and their small population size leads to more drift aka alleles are lost.

71
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

An event drastically reduces the size of a population.

72
Q

Gene flow (microevolution)

A

Alleles move in/out of population. This includes the migration of adults and dispersal of gametes, seeds, larvae.

73
Q

Result of gene flow

A

-tends to add genetic diversity to population
-tends to reduce genetic differences between populations.

74
Q

Relative fittness

A

Fitness is relative to other individuals in the population
(“fittest” = best reproductive success)

75
Q

Directional Selection

A

Populations genetic variance shifts towards a new phenotype when exposed to enviormental changes. (line for population after natural selection is shifted right from the original population line)

76
Q

Diversifying/Distruptive selection

A

intermediates are less fit than extremes. This maintains diversity and increases genetic variance.

77
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

intermediates types more fit than extremes. Decreases genetic variance. (line with population after natural selection is higher in the middle than original population line)

78
Q

Frequency dependent selection

A

The fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population.

79
Q

Sexual Selection

A

success is based on traits related to obtaining mates (note directly related to environment)

80
Q

intrasexual selection

A

individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex.

81
Q

intersexual selection

A

in intersexual selection, also called mate choice, individuals of one sex (usually the females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex.

82
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

The process in which genetic variation occurred in the same/similar species that leads to two distinct species.

83
Q

Phylogeny

A

The tree looking diagram that demonstrates the evolutionary history of a species and its relation to other species.

84
Q

Rooted

A

Single lineage (at base) represents a common ancestor (tree)

85
Q

Unrooted

A

Shows relationship but not a common ancestor. (circle)

86
Q

Root

A

The base of the “tree”; indicates the ancestral lineage that gave rise to the organisms in the tree.

87
Q

Branch Point

A

Indicates where two lineages diverged

88
Q

Basal Taxon

A

Lineage that evolved early and remains unbranched

89
Q

Sister Taxa

A

Two lineages stem from the same point

90
Q

Polytomy

A

A branch with two or more lineages

91
Q

Monophyletic group

A

Consist of ancestral species and its descendants.

91
Q

Clade

A

A grouping that includes common ancestor and descendants of that ancestor.

92
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

consist of an ancestral species and some (but not all) its descendants

93
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor.

BIOL 112 (7 decks)

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