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BIOL 112 > FINAL EXAM SEGMENT > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM SEGMENT Flashcards

1
Q

Porifera

A
  • Spongers
  • Sessile as Adults
  • No nervous, digestive, respiratory or reproductive system
  • no true tissue of cephalization
  • have choanocytes
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2
Q

Osculum

A

Large opening where water is removed/excreted from the sponge

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3
Q

Ostia

A

A spore that draws in H2O

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4
Q

Spongocoel

A

Body cavity

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5
Q

Mesohyl

A

Acts as a endoskeleton and supports the shape of the sponge

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6
Q

Lophocyte/collenocyte

A

makes collagen

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7
Q

Pinacocyte

A

forms outer covering of the sponge

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8
Q

Oocyte

A

Egg cell

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9
Q

Porocyte

A

control water flow through the ostia

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10
Q

Amoebocyte

A

stem cells of the sponge that can turn itself into spongocytes, lophocytes, collencytes, sclerocytes

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11
Q

Sclerocytes

A

creates silica spicules

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12
Q

Choanocytes

A

generates water current and filters food particles from water

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13
Q

Porifera reproduction

A

asexually: fragmentation or budding
Sexually: hermaphroditic
- they have flagellated larvae that disperse and then settle (they can move)

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14
Q

Cnidaria contains which species?

A

Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, corals

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15
Q

Two aquatic forms of Cnidaria

A

sessile polyp and drifting/free-swimming medusa

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16
Q

Cnidaria Characteristics

A
  • Sac like body w/ gastrovascular cavity
  • Mesoglea
  • Simple nervous system (non-centralized nerve net)
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17
Q

Mesoglea

A

(Cnidaria) non cellular layers which function as a hydrostatic skeleton (flexible and supported by fluid pressure)

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18
Q

Defining cell of Cndarians

A

Cnidocytes

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19
Q

Cnidocytes

A

contain a nemocyst inside the cnidocytes which is what they use to catch prey.

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20
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A
  • express bilateral symmetry
  • some develop a lophophore or trocchophore larval stage (some could have neither)
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21
Q

Lophophore

A

crown of ciliate tentacles that are used for feeding

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22
Q

Trochophore (larval stage)

A

2 bands of short cilia

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23
Q

Species within Lophotrochozoa

A
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Syndermata
  • Ectoprocta
  • Branchipoda
  • Annelida
  • Mollusca
  • Gasreoreicha, Cycliophora, Nemertea
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24
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

(flatworms)
- Acelomates & triploblastic
- gastrovascular cavity with one opening that is highly branched
- nervous system consist of ganglia, ventral nerve cords, eyesports
- O2 / CO2 exchange is through diffusion

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25
Q

Ganglia

A

(flatworms) dense clusters of nerve cell bodies

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26
Q

Ventral nerve cords

A

(flatworms) ganglia + eyespot

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27
Q

Platyhelminthes excretory system

A

protonephridia w/ flame cells (cilia moves and waste is excreted)

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28
Q

Tape worms

A

type of flatworm; contain no gastrointestinal cavity because they absorb nutrient directly from host’s intestines using their scolex.

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29
Q

Characteristics of Syndermata

A
  • crown of cilia (draws vortex of water into the mouth)
  • Pesudocoelom
  • Alimentary canal
  • Parthenogenesis
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30
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Syndermata; digestive tube with two openings

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31
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

type of asexual reproduction where females produce more females from unfertilized eggs

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32
Q

Characteristics of Mollusca

A
  1. calcium carbonate shell
  2. most are marine
  3. cephalization in all except clade bivalvia
  4. complete digestive system with radula to feed
  5. gills or simple lungs
  6. open circulatory system
  7. trochophore larvae
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33
Q

4 majors clades of Mollusca

A
  1. Polyplacophora (chitons)
  2. Gastropoda (snail & slugs)
  3. Bivalvia (clams & oysters)
  4. Cephalopoda (squids & octopi)
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34
Q

Body plan of molluscs

A
  1. muscular foot
  2. visceral mass
  3. outer mantle
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35
Q

Excretory organ in Molluscs and annelida

A

Metanephridium

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36
Q

Muscular foot

A

molluscs; aids in locomotion

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37
Q

Visceral mass

A

molluscs; where internal organs and well developed organ systems are located

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38
Q

Open circulatory system

A

blood (hemolymph) is pumped into the hemocoel where is surrounds the organs and returns to the heart.

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39
Q

Annelida

A

Segmented worms
1. segmentation (metamerism)
2. soft body
3. well developed organ systems
4. gas exchange occurs across moist body surface

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40
Q

Two majors clades of annelids

A

Errantia and Sedentaria

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41
Q

Errantia

A
  • most mobile marine predators
  • fleshy parapodia (locomotion and gas exchange )
  • detects prey with long sensory organs called cirri
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42
Q

Sedentaria

A
  • less mobile
  • elaborate tentacles used for filter feeding
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43
Q

Earth worms

A

Sedentarians who are deposit feeders with few bristles and no parapodia

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44
Q

Leeches

A

Sedentarians with no bristles or parapodia and have an anti-coagulant called hirudin in them.

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45
Q

Ecdysozoans

A
  • crayfish, lobster, crabs, barnacles, spiders, ticks and insects
  • covered by a cuticle made out of chitin]
  • cuticle is molted through ecdysis
  • largest phyla are nematodes and arthropods
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46
Q

Nematoda

A
  • roundworms
  • pseudocoelom
  • covered by tough cuticle (exoskeleton)
  • parasites (trichinosis and elephantiasis are diseases caused by roundworms)
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47
Q

Characteristics of Arthropoda

A

-segmented body in 2-3 parts
- exoskeleton / cuticle
- exoskeleton limits growth & final body size
- jointed appendages
- open circulatory system

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48
Q

Gas exchange in Arthropoda

A
  • aquatic species have hemolymph pumped through feather gills
  • terrestrial spp. have tracheae and book lungs whih takes air directly to cells for gas exchange
  • circulatory system is not involved in gas exchange in insects
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49
Q

Chelicerates

A
  • arachnids, spiders, scorpions
  • feed using chelicerae
  • no antennae
  • body plan: cephalothorax + abdomen
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50
Q

Chelicerates appendages

A

6 appendages
- 1 pair of pedipalps
- 4 pairs of walking legs
- 1 pair of feeding apendages (chelicerate)

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51
Q

characteristics of Myriapods

A

clade within arthropods
- chewing mandible for feeding
- 1 pair of antennae
ex: milipede and centipede

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52
Q

Characteristics of Crustaceans

A
  • lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, krill, barnacles
  • 2 pairs of antennae
  • feed with chewing mandibles
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53
Q

Characteristics of Insects

A
  • Hexapods (6 legged)
  • first animals to fly
  • wings derived from cuticle extensions
  • body in 3 parts head, thorax and abdomen
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54
Q

Body plan of insects

A
  • head which has 1 pair of antennae and compound eyes
  • thorax bears 3 pairs of legs and 0-2 pairs of wings
  • complex organ systems
55
Q

Organ system for insects

A
  • malpighian tubules for excretion of metabolic waste
  • tracheal system for gas exchange
56
Q

Echinodermata characteristics

A
  • Sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars
  • pentaradial symmetry as adults
  • larvae have bilateral symmetry
  • no head and no brain
  • simple nervous system
  • contain endoskeleton
  • water vascular system that branches into tube feet
57
Q

Madreporite

A

Echinodermata; opening of water vascular system

58
Q

Water vascular system in Echinodermatas is used for?

A

Locomotion, resperation, food and waste, and transportation

59
Q

Chordata characteristics

A
  • Notochord
  • Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • Pharyngeal slits or clefts
  • Endostyle or thyroid gland
  • Post Anal tail
60
Q

Notochord

A

flexible dorsal rod-shaped structure that runs along nerve cord and develops into the vertebrae

61
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A
  • develops from the ectoderm rolling into a tube
  • develops into the central nervous system
62
Q

Pharyngeal slits or clefts

A
  • ancestral use was filter feeding and gas exchange
  • develops into gill supports in fish
  • develops into parts of the jaw, inner ear and tonsils in tetrapods
63
Q

Post anal tail

A
  • assisted in wave movement of the animal that helps propel it forward
  • multiple muscle segments
64
Q

Endostyle

A

found in invertebrate chordates

65
Q

Sister taxon to chordates

A

Echinodermata

66
Q

Basal Chordates

A

Cephalochordata

67
Q

Cephalochordata characteristics

A
  • Lancelets
  • all key chordate features in adults
  • filter feeders who use cilia to draw sea water into the lancelets mouth
  • gas exchange across external body surface
68
Q

Urochordata

A
  • Tunicates
  • feeds with pharyngeal slits
  • swimming larvae has all key chordate features
  • loses notochord, postanal tail and dorsal nerve chord in adulthood
  • endostyle and slits remain
69
Q

Progression of Chordate phylogeny traits

A
  1. notochord
  2. Vertebrae
  3. Jaws, mineralized skeleton
  4. Lungs or lung derivatives
  5. Lobed fins
  6. Limbs with digits
  7. Amniotic egg
  8. Milk
70
Q

Vertebrae includes which clades?

A
  1. Myxini
  2. Petromyzontida
  3. Chondrichthyes
  4. Actinopterygii
  5. Actinistia
  6. Dipnoi
  7. Amphibia
  8. Reptilia
  9. Mammalia
71
Q

Vertebrae characteristics

A
  • Two or more sets of Hox genes
  • Vertebrae made out of cartilage or bone enclosed spinal cord.
  • Endoskeleton with axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
  • skeletal system with complex nervous system
72
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

found in vertebrae; includes head, neck, back, and chest bones

73
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

found in vertebrae; includes pectoral and pelvic area

74
Q

Cyclostomes

A
  • No backbone
  • adults retain notochord
  • JAWLESS
  • rudimentary vertebrae that is basic and incomplete but allows them to be classified as vertebrae
75
Q

Hag fish

A
  • Mxyini
  • scavengers
  • keratinous teeth
  • produce slime for defense
76
Q

Lampreys

A
  • Petromyzontida
  • jawless parasite on fish
  • keratin teeth
77
Q

Gnathostomes

A

species with jaws and mineralized skeleton

78
Q

Clades within Gnathostomes

A
  1. Chondrichthyes
  2. Actinopterygii
  3. Actinistia
  4. Dipnoi
  5. Amphibia
  6. Reptilia
  7. Mammalia
79
Q

Gnathostomes characteristics

A
  • hinged jaws derived from skeletal rods that supported gill slits
  • larger forbrain for smell and sight
  • 4 clusters of Hox genes
  • lateral line system in aquatic species
80
Q

Lateral Line system

A

organs that form a row along each side of the body and are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water

81
Q

3 gnathostome “fish” lineages

A
  1. cartilaginous
  2. ray finned
  3. lobe finned
82
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

cartilagenous fishes

83
Q

Chondrichthyes characteristics

A
  • all skeletons of cartilage
  • shark, rays and skates
  • bone mineral is lost to reduce density
  • buoyancy raised by liver oils and active swimming which keeps them afloat
  • boney teeth
84
Q

Oviparous

A

eggs “laid” and hatch outside the mothers body; they develop in protective egg cases and are fed by yolk

85
Q

Viviparous

A

young develop within the uterus and are fed through the placenta; live birth

86
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

fertilized egg retained w/in mother but the embryo is fed by egg yolk; live birth

87
Q

Osteichthyes

A

boney fish

88
Q

Osteichthyes characteristics

A
  • includes ray fin fish and lobe finned fish
  • mostly mineralized skeleton
  • usually oviparous with external fertilization
  • flat scales and slime to protect and reduce drag
  • operculum (gill cover)
  • lungs evolved into swim bladder for buoyancy
89
Q

operculum

A

gill cover that protects and helps pump water over gills

90
Q

Ray finned fishes characteristics

A
  • thin fins supported by flexible rays
  • swim bladder
  • most diverse group of all vertebrae
91
Q

Lobe finned fishes

A
  • 4 fins
  • pectoral and pelvic fins are supported with bones and muscles
  • 3 lineages: Actinistia, Dipnoi and tetrapods
92
Q

Tetrapods

A

limbs with digits

93
Q

Characteristics of tetrapods

A
  1. four limbs with wrist and digits
  2. neck moves independently of body
  3. pelvic girdle fused to backbone
  4. lung breathing as adults
  5. ears for detecting sound
94
Q

Ancestor of tetrapods

A
  • were lobe-finned, lung-breathing fish
  • ex: tiktaalik
95
Q

Amphibia characteristics

A
  • moist skin at all times because that is where gas exchange occurs
  • positive pressure breathing
  • larval stage is commonly aquatic
  • metamorphosis into adult
  • oviparous
96
Q

examples of amphibia

A
  • salamanders: 4 legs + tail as adult
  • frogs: 4 legs no tail as adult
  • caecilians: no legs as adult
97
Q

Amniotes

A

have amniotic egg

98
Q

amnion

A
  • protects the embryo within watery amniotic sac
  • other extraembryonic membranes sustain the embryo
  • albumen stores water
99
Q

Other extraembryonic membranes

A
  • amnion
  • allantois
  • chorion
  • yolk sack
100
Q

Allantois

A

waster disposal and gas exchange

101
Q

Chorion

A

Gas exchange

102
Q

Yolk sac

A

delivers nutrients

103
Q

Evolution of Amniotes

A
  1. Early amniotes
  2. synapsids or sauropsids
  3. Sauropsids diverges into anapsids (extinct) and diapsids
  4. Diapsids diverged to lepidosaurs and archosaurs
103
Q

Porous egg shell

A

protects and reduces water loss while still allowing for O2 and CO2 exchange.
- fertilization MUST BE internal (before the egg shell is made)

104
Q

Temporal fenestrae

A

the number amount of these openings determins the type of skull you’re looking at. Anapsids have none, synapsids have one, and diapsids have two

105
Q

Characteristic of reptiles

A
  • tetrapods (snakes and legless lizards counts because they descended from four limbed ancestors)
  • scaly skin contain waxy lipids that prevents desiccation
  • negative pressure breathing
106
Q

positive pressure breathing

A

a high pressure in the mouth is created, forcing air down the throats of amphibians in order to breath

107
Q

negative pressure breathing

A

rib cage expands which causes pressure to decrease, this decrease in pressure than causes air to be sucked in b/c air moves from high to low pressure.

108
Q

ectothermic

A

use enviroment to warm body and do behavioral thermoregulation.

109
Q

endothermic

A

high metabolic rate warms up the body and physiological thermoregulation occurs

110
Q

Origin of birds

A

only descendants of dinosaurs called theropods

111
Q

Bird adaptations for flight

A
  1. contour feathers that provide lift
  2. skeleton is lightweight b/c they have less and hollow bones
  3. stubby feathered tail for flight maneuvers
  4. no teeth
  5. 4 chambered heart that is very efficient
  6. highly efficient respiratory system with air sacs
  7. urogenital adaptations
112
Q

Mammals characteristics

A
  1. mammary glands to secrete milk
  2. fur
  3. teeth vary in size, shape and number
  4. high developed brain
  5. efficient respiratory and circulatory system
  6. digestive tract adaptations
  7. extensive parental care
  8. kidneys which conserve water from wastes
  9. sweat glands
113
Q

Digestive track adaptations in mammals

A
  • herbivores have longer disgestive tracks
  • cecum can hold mutalistic microbes that digest cellulose
    -ruminants are the microbes
114
Q

Respiratory system in mammals

A

Ribcage is aided by muscular diaphragm which improves negative pressure breathing

115
Q

Rumen

A

where the mutalistic microbes called ruminants are located (largest stomach component)

116
Q

Composition of sweat glands

A

99% water and 1% salt, fats, and other metabolic waste

117
Q

Eccrine sweat gland

A

maintains homeostasis / regulates body temperature

118
Q

Aprocrine sweat gland

A

scent gland that aids in chemical communication

119
Q

Clade within mammals

A
  1. Monotremes
  2. Marsupials
  3. Eutherians
120
Q

Characteristics of Monotremes

A
  1. egg laying mammal (oviparous)
  2. dont have nipples
    ex. platypus and echidna
121
Q

Characteristics of Marsupials

A
  1. Have a maternal pouch called a marsupium
  2. viviparious
  3. placenta is not as advance so young are born underdeveloped. They feed on milk to finish development after they’re born
    ex. kangaroo, koala, opossum
122
Q

Eutherians

A
  1. have a well developed placenta
  2. better placenta allows for longer gestation so young are more developed at birth (viviparious)
123
Q

Primates characteristics

A

characteristics stem from aboreal life
1. hands and feet adapted for grasping
2. flat nails on digits
3. large brains
4. eyes forwards
5. flat face

124
Q

3 main groups of primates

A
  1. lemurs and their relatives (aboreal)
  2. tarsiers (aboral)
  3. anthropoids (monkey, humans, and apes)
125
Q

Which group of primates is most closely related to anthropoids?

A

Tarsiers

126
Q

Anthropoid groups

A
  1. new world monkeys
  2. old world monkeys
  3. apes & humans
127
Q

Characteristics of new world monkeys

A

prehensile tails (grabbing tails), arboreal, nostrils open to the side

128
Q

Characteristics of old world monkeys

A

tails cant grasp, mostly group dwelling, nostrils open downwards

129
Q

Lesser apes

A

include gibbons who are in the family hylobatidae

130
Q

A hominid

A
  • any member of the family homindae which includes orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos
  • the group consisting of all modern and extinct great apes
131
Q

A hominin

A

the group consisting of modern humans and their extinct human species and immediate ancestors.

132
Q

Characteristics of homo sapiens

A
  1. bipedal locomotion
  2. ground dwelling
  3. much larger brain
  4. language
  5. shorter digestive tract
  6. reduced jaws

BIOL 112 (7 decks)

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