FINAL EXAM SEGMENT Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Porifera
A
- Spongers
- Sessile as Adults
- No nervous, digestive, respiratory or reproductive system
- no true tissue of cephalization
- have choanocytes
2
Q
Osculum
A
Large opening where water is removed/excreted from the sponge
3
Q
Ostia
A
A spore that draws in H2O
4
Q
Spongocoel
A
Body cavity
5
Q
Mesohyl
A
Acts as a endoskeleton and supports the shape of the sponge
6
Q
Lophocyte/collenocyte
A
makes collagen
7
Q
Pinacocyte
A
forms outer covering of the sponge
8
Q
Oocyte
A
Egg cell
9
Q
Porocyte
A
control water flow through the ostia
10
Q
Amoebocyte
A
stem cells of the sponge that can turn itself into spongocytes, lophocytes, collencytes, sclerocytes
11
Q
Sclerocytes
A
creates silica spicules
12
Q
Choanocytes
A
generates water current and filters food particles from water
13
Q
Porifera reproduction
A
asexually: fragmentation or budding
Sexually: hermaphroditic
- they have flagellated larvae that disperse and then settle (they can move)
14
Q
Cnidaria contains which species?
A
Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, corals
15
Q
Two aquatic forms of Cnidaria
A
sessile polyp and drifting/free-swimming medusa
16
Q
Cnidaria Characteristics
A
- Sac like body w/ gastrovascular cavity
- Mesoglea
- Simple nervous system (non-centralized nerve net)
17
Q
Mesoglea
A
(Cnidaria) non cellular layers which function as a hydrostatic skeleton (flexible and supported by fluid pressure)
18
Q
Defining cell of Cndarians
A
Cnidocytes
19
Q
Cnidocytes
A
contain a nemocyst inside the cnidocytes which is what they use to catch prey.
20
Q
Lophotrochozoa
A
- express bilateral symmetry
- some develop a lophophore or trocchophore larval stage (some could have neither)
21
Q
Lophophore
A
crown of ciliate tentacles that are used for feeding
22
Q
Trochophore (larval stage)
A
2 bands of short cilia
23
Q
Species within Lophotrochozoa
A
- Platyhelminthes
- Syndermata
- Ectoprocta
- Branchipoda
- Annelida
- Mollusca
- Gasreoreicha, Cycliophora, Nemertea
24
Q
Platyhelminthes
A
(flatworms)
- Acelomates & triploblastic
- gastrovascular cavity with one opening that is highly branched
- nervous system consist of ganglia, ventral nerve cords, eyesports
- O2 / CO2 exchange is through diffusion
25
Ganglia
(flatworms) dense clusters of nerve cell bodies
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Ventral nerve cords
(flatworms) ganglia + eyespot
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Platyhelminthes excretory system
protonephridia w/ flame cells (cilia moves and waste is excreted)
28
Tape worms
type of flatworm; contain no gastrointestinal cavity because they absorb nutrient directly from host's intestines using their scolex.
29
Characteristics of Syndermata
- crown of cilia (draws vortex of water into the mouth)
- Pesudocoelom
- Alimentary canal
- Parthenogenesis
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Alimentary canal
Syndermata; digestive tube with two openings
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Parthenogenesis
type of asexual reproduction where females produce more females from unfertilized eggs
32
Characteristics of Mollusca
1. calcium carbonate shell
2. most are marine
3. cephalization in all except clade bivalvia
4. complete digestive system with radula to feed
5. gills or simple lungs
6. open circulatory system
7. trochophore larvae
33
4 majors clades of Mollusca
1. Polyplacophora (chitons)
2. Gastropoda (snail & slugs)
3. Bivalvia (clams & oysters)
4. Cephalopoda (squids & octopi)
34
Body plan of molluscs
1. muscular foot
2. visceral mass
3. outer mantle
35
Excretory organ in Molluscs and annelida
Metanephridium
36
Muscular foot
molluscs; aids in locomotion
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Visceral mass
molluscs; where internal organs and well developed organ systems are located
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Open circulatory system
blood (hemolymph) is pumped into the hemocoel where is surrounds the organs and returns to the heart.
39
Annelida
Segmented worms
1. segmentation (metamerism)
2. soft body
3. well developed organ systems
4. gas exchange occurs across moist body surface
40
Two majors clades of annelids
Errantia and Sedentaria
41
Errantia
- most mobile marine predators
- fleshy parapodia (locomotion and gas exchange )
- detects prey with long sensory organs called cirri
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Sedentaria
- less mobile
- elaborate tentacles used for filter feeding
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Earth worms
Sedentarians who are deposit feeders with few bristles and no parapodia
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Leeches
Sedentarians with no bristles or parapodia and have an anti-coagulant called hirudin in them.
45
Ecdysozoans
- crayfish, lobster, crabs, barnacles, spiders, ticks and insects
- covered by a cuticle made out of chitin]
- cuticle is molted through ecdysis
- largest phyla are nematodes and arthropods
46
Nematoda
- roundworms
- pseudocoelom
- covered by tough cuticle (exoskeleton)
- parasites (trichinosis and elephantiasis are diseases caused by roundworms)
47
Characteristics of Arthropoda
-segmented body in 2-3 parts
- exoskeleton / cuticle
- exoskeleton limits growth & final body size
- jointed appendages
- open circulatory system
48
Gas exchange in Arthropoda
- aquatic species have hemolymph pumped through feather gills
- terrestrial spp. have tracheae and book lungs whih takes air directly to cells for gas exchange
- circulatory system is not involved in gas exchange in insects
49
Chelicerates
- arachnids, spiders, scorpions
- feed using chelicerae
- no antennae
- body plan: cephalothorax + abdomen
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Chelicerates appendages
6 appendages
- 1 pair of pedipalps
- 4 pairs of walking legs
- 1 pair of feeding apendages (chelicerate)
51
characteristics of Myriapods
clade within arthropods
- chewing mandible for feeding
- 1 pair of antennae
ex: milipede and centipede
52
Characteristics of Crustaceans
- lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, krill, barnacles
- 2 pairs of antennae
- feed with chewing mandibles
53
Characteristics of Insects
- Hexapods (6 legged)
- first animals to fly
- wings derived from cuticle extensions
- body in 3 parts head, thorax and abdomen
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Body plan of insects
- head which has 1 pair of antennae and compound eyes
- thorax bears 3 pairs of legs and 0-2 pairs of wings
- complex organ systems
55
Organ system for insects
- malpighian tubules for excretion of metabolic waste
- tracheal system for gas exchange
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Echinodermata characteristics
- Sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars
- pentaradial symmetry as adults
- larvae have bilateral symmetry
- no head and no brain
- simple nervous system
- contain endoskeleton
- water vascular system that branches into tube feet
57
Madreporite
Echinodermata; opening of water vascular system
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Water vascular system in Echinodermatas is used for?
Locomotion, resperation, food and waste, and transportation
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Chordata characteristics
- Notochord
- Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
- Pharyngeal slits or clefts
- Endostyle or thyroid gland
- Post Anal tail
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Notochord
flexible dorsal rod-shaped structure that runs along nerve cord and develops into the vertebrae
61
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
- develops from the ectoderm rolling into a tube
- develops into the central nervous system
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Pharyngeal slits or clefts
- ancestral use was filter feeding and gas exchange
- develops into gill supports in fish
- develops into parts of the jaw, inner ear and tonsils in tetrapods
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Post anal tail
- assisted in wave movement of the animal that helps propel it forward
- multiple muscle segments
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Endostyle
found in invertebrate chordates
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Sister taxon to chordates
Echinodermata
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Basal Chordates
Cephalochordata
67
Cephalochordata characteristics
- Lancelets
- all key chordate features in adults
- filter feeders who use cilia to draw sea water into the lancelets mouth
- gas exchange across external body surface
68
Urochordata
- Tunicates
- feeds with pharyngeal slits
- swimming larvae has all key chordate features
- loses notochord, postanal tail and dorsal nerve chord in adulthood
- endostyle and slits remain
69
Progression of Chordate phylogeny traits
1. notochord
2. Vertebrae
3. Jaws, mineralized skeleton
4. Lungs or lung derivatives
5. Lobed fins
6. Limbs with digits
7. Amniotic egg
8. Milk
70
Vertebrae includes which clades?
1. Myxini
2. Petromyzontida
3. Chondrichthyes
4. Actinopterygii
5. Actinistia
6. Dipnoi
7. Amphibia
8. Reptilia
9. Mammalia
71
Vertebrae characteristics
- Two or more sets of Hox genes
- Vertebrae made out of cartilage or bone enclosed spinal cord.
- Endoskeleton with axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
- skeletal system with complex nervous system
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Axial Skeleton
found in vertebrae; includes head, neck, back, and chest bones
73
Appendicular skeleton
found in vertebrae; includes pectoral and pelvic area
74
Cyclostomes
- No backbone
- adults retain notochord
- JAWLESS
- rudimentary vertebrae that is basic and incomplete but allows them to be classified as vertebrae
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Hag fish
- Mxyini
- scavengers
- keratinous teeth
- produce slime for defense
76
Lampreys
- Petromyzontida
- jawless parasite on fish
- keratin teeth
77
Gnathostomes
species with jaws and mineralized skeleton
78
Clades within Gnathostomes
1. Chondrichthyes
2. Actinopterygii
3. Actinistia
4. Dipnoi
5. Amphibia
6. Reptilia
7. Mammalia
79
Gnathostomes characteristics
- hinged jaws derived from skeletal rods that supported gill slits
- larger forbrain for smell and sight
- 4 clusters of Hox genes
- lateral line system in aquatic species
80
Lateral Line system
organs that form a row along each side of the body and are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water
81
3 gnathostome "fish" lineages
1. cartilaginous
2. ray finned
3. lobe finned
82
Chondrichthyes
cartilagenous fishes
83
Chondrichthyes characteristics
- all skeletons of cartilage
- shark, rays and skates
- bone mineral is lost to reduce density
- buoyancy raised by liver oils and active swimming which keeps them afloat
- boney teeth
84
Oviparous
eggs "laid" and hatch outside the mothers body; they develop in protective egg cases and are fed by yolk
85
Viviparous
young develop within the uterus and are fed through the placenta; live birth
86
Ovoviviparous
fertilized egg retained w/in mother but the embryo is fed by egg yolk; live birth
87
Osteichthyes
boney fish
88
Osteichthyes characteristics
- includes ray fin fish and lobe finned fish
- mostly mineralized skeleton
- usually oviparous with external fertilization
- flat scales and slime to protect and reduce drag
- operculum (gill cover)
- lungs evolved into swim bladder for buoyancy
89
operculum
gill cover that protects and helps pump water over gills
90
Ray finned fishes characteristics
- thin fins supported by flexible rays
- swim bladder
- most diverse group of all vertebrae
91
Lobe finned fishes
- 4 fins
- pectoral and pelvic fins are supported with bones and muscles
- 3 lineages: Actinistia, Dipnoi and tetrapods
92
Tetrapods
limbs with digits
93
Characteristics of tetrapods
1. four limbs with wrist and digits
2. neck moves independently of body
3. pelvic girdle fused to backbone
4. lung breathing as adults
5. ears for detecting sound
94
Ancestor of tetrapods
- were lobe-finned, lung-breathing fish
- ex: tiktaalik
95
Amphibia characteristics
- moist skin at all times because that is where gas exchange occurs
- positive pressure breathing
- larval stage is commonly aquatic
- metamorphosis into adult
- oviparous
96
examples of amphibia
- salamanders: 4 legs + tail as adult
- frogs: 4 legs no tail as adult
- caecilians: no legs as adult
97
Amniotes
have amniotic egg
98
amnion
- protects the embryo within watery amniotic sac
- other extraembryonic membranes sustain the embryo
- albumen stores water
99
Other extraembryonic membranes
- amnion
- allantois
- chorion
- yolk sack
100
Allantois
waster disposal and gas exchange
101
Chorion
Gas exchange
102
Yolk sac
delivers nutrients
103
Evolution of Amniotes
1. Early amniotes
2. synapsids or sauropsids
3. Sauropsids diverges into anapsids (extinct) and diapsids
4. Diapsids diverged to lepidosaurs and archosaurs
103
Porous egg shell
protects and reduces water loss while still allowing for O2 and CO2 exchange.
- fertilization MUST BE internal (before the egg shell is made)
104
Temporal fenestrae
the number amount of these openings determins the type of skull you're looking at. Anapsids have none, synapsids have one, and diapsids have two
105
Characteristic of reptiles
- tetrapods (snakes and legless lizards counts because they descended from four limbed ancestors)
- scaly skin contain waxy lipids that prevents desiccation
- negative pressure breathing
106
positive pressure breathing
a high pressure in the mouth is created, forcing air down the throats of amphibians in order to breath
107
negative pressure breathing
rib cage expands which causes pressure to decrease, this decrease in pressure than causes air to be sucked in b/c air moves from high to low pressure.
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ectothermic
use enviroment to warm body and do behavioral thermoregulation.
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endothermic
high metabolic rate warms up the body and physiological thermoregulation occurs
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Origin of birds
only descendants of dinosaurs called theropods
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Bird adaptations for flight
1. contour feathers that provide lift
2. skeleton is lightweight b/c they have less and hollow bones
3. stubby feathered tail for flight maneuvers
4. no teeth
5. 4 chambered heart that is very efficient
6. highly efficient respiratory system with air sacs
7. urogenital adaptations
112
Mammals characteristics
1. mammary glands to secrete milk
2. fur
3. teeth vary in size, shape and number
4. high developed brain
5. efficient respiratory and circulatory system
6. digestive tract adaptations
7. extensive parental care
8. kidneys which conserve water from wastes
9. sweat glands
113
Digestive track adaptations in mammals
- herbivores have longer disgestive tracks
- cecum can hold mutalistic microbes that digest cellulose
-ruminants are the microbes
114
Respiratory system in mammals
Ribcage is aided by muscular diaphragm which improves negative pressure breathing
115
Rumen
where the mutalistic microbes called ruminants are located (largest stomach component)
116
Composition of sweat glands
99% water and 1% salt, fats, and other metabolic waste
117
Eccrine sweat gland
maintains homeostasis / regulates body temperature
118
Aprocrine sweat gland
scent gland that aids in chemical communication
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Clade within mammals
1. Monotremes
2. Marsupials
3. Eutherians
120
Characteristics of Monotremes
1. egg laying mammal (oviparous)
2. dont have nipples
ex. platypus and echidna
121
Characteristics of Marsupials
1. Have a maternal pouch called a marsupium
2. viviparious
3. placenta is not as advance so young are born underdeveloped. They feed on milk to finish development after they're born
ex. kangaroo, koala, opossum
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Eutherians
1. have a well developed placenta
2. better placenta allows for longer gestation so young are more developed at birth (viviparious)
123
Primates characteristics
characteristics stem from aboreal life
1. hands and feet adapted for grasping
2. flat nails on digits
3. large brains
4. eyes forwards
5. flat face
124
3 main groups of primates
1. lemurs and their relatives (aboreal)
2. tarsiers (aboral)
3. anthropoids (monkey, humans, and apes)
125
Which group of primates is most closely related to anthropoids?
Tarsiers
126
Anthropoid groups
1. new world monkeys
2. old world monkeys
3. apes & humans
127
Characteristics of new world monkeys
prehensile tails (grabbing tails), arboreal, nostrils open to the side
128
Characteristics of old world monkeys
tails cant grasp, mostly group dwelling, nostrils open downwards
129
Lesser apes
include gibbons who are in the family hylobatidae
130
A hominid
- any member of the family homindae which includes orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos
- the group consisting of all modern and extinct great apes
131
A hominin
the group consisting of modern humans and their extinct human species and immediate ancestors.
132
Characteristics of homo sapiens
1. bipedal locomotion
2. ground dwelling
3. much larger brain
4. language
5. shorter digestive tract
6. reduced jaws
