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Phase 1: weeks 1-5 > Proteins structure and function > Flashcards

Proteins structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

What is a genome?

A

All of the genetic information possessed by an organism

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2
Q

What are introns and exons?

A

Introns: non-coding part of DNA
Exons: coding part of DNA

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3
Q

What are promoters?

A

DNA involved in regulating gene expression

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4
Q

How do promoters work?

A

They bind to transcription factors and RNA polymerase and initiate transcription of DNA to produce mRNA

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5
Q

If all cells have the same DNA in them, how do different cell types arise?

A

Different sets of genes are expressed by different cells

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6
Q

What is a transcriptome?

A

Total of all the mRNA molecules expressed from the genes

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7
Q

How are proteins reaD FROM MRNA?

A

In codons of 3 bases

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8
Q

What is a proteome?

A

Complement of all the proteins in a cell

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9
Q

How many amino acids do we have?

A

20

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10
Q

What do stop codons do?

A

Thet terminate the coding process

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11
Q

What is codon degeneracy? How is this helpful?

A

When there are more codons than amino acids to be encoded, this makes them more tolerant to mutations.
E.g. 2 different codons for one amino acid

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12
Q

What is a property of mRNA and what direction is it synthesised?

A

It is polyadenylated.

Goes from 5 prime to 3 prime.

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13
Q

Is all mRNA made into proteins?

A

No, there are also untranslated regions (UTRs) which regulate stability of mRNA and the precision/extent to which it is translated

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14
Q

How many reading frames do RNA sequences have?

A

3

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15
Q

Describe the 3 reading frames

A

1) first 3 letters arranged as codon
2) miss out first letter, and next 3 letters are codon
3) miss out first 2 letters, and next 3 letters are codon

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16
Q

What effect can deletions and mutations have on the reading frame?

A

It changes them and can give rise to harmful proteins

17
Q

Describe the structure of an amino acid

A

variable R group, Carboxyl end, Amino end, H group

18
Q

What reaction do amino acids have with one anther and what bond holds them together?

A

Condensation reaction

Peptide bond holds them together

19
Q

What effect do post translational modifications have on proteins?

A

Changes their function

20
Q

What effect does glycosylation have on a protein?

A

Orientate membrane proteins to face out of the cell
Protect proteins from enzymes chopping away at them
Help proteins to interact with other proteins

21
Q

What effect does phosphorylation have on a protein?

A

Activates receptors for signalling molecules
Intracellular communication
Changes function of enzymes

22
Q

What two things is phosphorylation controlled by?

A

Kinases

Phosphatases

23
Q

what effect does proteolytic cleavage have?

A

Activates proteins and receptors

24
Q

What 3 species are needed to make a protein? What is their role?

A

rRNA: helps read mRNA sequence, involved in structure of RNA (not involved in coding )
tRNA: adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain, has anticodons that are complimentary to the codons
mRNA: part of it codes for a protein

25
Q

What is the Kozak sequence?

A

Where ribosome binds to initiate translation

26
Q

Describe how transition is initiated?

A

At 5’ end, a tRNA molecule carrying a methionine amino acid attaches to a small ribosome subunit.
It scans along in the 3’ direction until it finds the start codon (usually AUG). When it finds it, a large ribosomal subunit binds to form an initiation complex.

27
Q

What is the first amino acid in a protein?

A

Methionine amino acid

28
Q

What is the start codon usually?

A

AUG

29
Q

What synthesises soluble intercellular proteins?

A

Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

30
Q

What are the 2 ways in which proteins know where to go?

A

Signal peptide

Nuclear translocation signal

31
Q

Describe briefly the four levels fo protein structure

A

Primary structure: amino acid sequence
Secondary structure: folding of amino acid sequence into alpha helices and beta sheets
Tertiary structure: folding of protein into its final 3D shape
Quaternary structure: multiple proteins subunits come together to form a complex e.g. haemoglobin

32
Q

Give examples of mutations?

A

Insertion, deletion, substitution, chromosome translocation

33
Q

Give 4 examples of proteins in therapy

A

Antibodies
Recombinant proteins (growth factors, insulin)
Peptide mimetics
Blockers of protein function

Phase 1: weeks 1-5 (23 decks)

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