Anatomy (prosection) Flashcards
what’s the difference between the ventral and dorsal direction?
Ventral: belly side
Dorsal: the back
Proximal vs distal?
Proximal: close to the centre
Distal: away from the centre
what are the dorsal and palmar side of the hand?
Dorsal: back of hand
Palmar: palm of hand
what are the dorsal and palmar side of the foot?
Dorsal: top of foot
Palmar: sole of foot
when looking at an MRI/CT scan, what direction is the body viewed at?
From the bottom (feet upwards)
how do hip and knee flexion differ?
hip flexion: leg goes to the front
knee flexion: foot to the bum
what vertebrae is named the axis?
C2
where is the odontoid peg found and what is it?
Process of the C2 (axis)
how does C1 differ from all other vertebrae?
Does not have a body
Where’re are the occipital condyles found?
at base of skull, where it rests
what are the divisions of the vertebral column?
Cervical: C1-7 Thoracic: T1-12 Lumbar: L1-5 Sacrum (S1-5) Coccyx
which never lies posterior to the medial epicondyle and is vulnerable to injury?
Ulnar nerve
what bone is the medial malleus part of?
Tibia
which metatarsal does the intermediate cuneiform articulate with?
2nd
List the bones of the skull
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, mandible, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid
how many pelvic joints are there? what are they?
4: symphysis pubis, 2 sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal
Of the pelvic joints, which ones are synovial and cartilaginous?
Sacroiliac = synovial
sacrococcygeal + symphysis pubis = cartilaginous
what is ossification?
fusion of bones
what is a sesamoid bone?
bone that is incorporated into a tendon
what attaches to the patellar tendon proximally and distally?
Proximal: quadriceps muscle
Distal: tibial tuberosity
what is the specific function of the ACL?
prevent the tibia sliding anterior to the femur
what muscle contracts for leg extension?
quadriceps
what muscle contracts for leg flexion?
hamstring muscle
what is the action of the infraspinatus on the humerus ?
stabilises humerus and lateral rotation of the arm
what is the action of the supraspinatus on the humerus ?
adduction of the arm, stabilises humerus
what makes the rectus abdominis strong?
consist of separate muscle separated by intersections
what makes the pectoralis major enable a wide range of movement?
it has 2 heads
what bony structure limits hyperextension of the elbow?
olecranon process of the ulna
what is the function of the intercalated disc in cardiac cells? CHECK PN
Synchronised contraction of cardiac tissue and allows waves of depolarisation
where is the moderator band found and what is its function?
found in right ventricular apex
path of conduction from right bundle branch to anterior papillary muscle
what is the pharynx?
cavity behind the nose and mouth, leading to the oesophagus and larynx
what re the main components of the pharynx ?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
which parts of the pharynx does food pass through?
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
how does the pharynx terminate inferiorly?
connects to the oesophagus
what are the 3 main layers of the aorta? what are they made of?
Tunica intima: simple squamous epithelium, supported by a layer of collagenous tissue rich in elastin
Tunica media: smooth muscle - thickest layer
Tunica externa: thick connective layer + collagen + elastin
what clinical procedure is performed on the trachea to help patient breathe?
Tracheostomy
what type of epithelium does the oesophagus have?
non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
list the layers of the oesophagus
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis propria
tunica adventitia
what muscle does the oesophagus pierce to gain access to the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
how is reflux prevented?
lower oesophageal sphincter
Draw the divisions of the abdominal region
Left hypochondrium Epigastric region Right hypochondrium Left lumbar region Umbilical region Right lumbar region Left iliac region Hypogastric region Right iliac region
what abdominal region does the stomach lie in ?
left hypochondrium and can extend into epigastric region
what branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the stomach?
celiac artery
what is unusual about the layers of the stomach wall?
Has an extra muscular layer (oblique - which is innermost)
what is the function of the mucus neck cells and what is its function?
Mucus - protects epithelial lining from Hcl
what is the function of the chief cells and what is its function?
secrete pepsinogen - this is converted to pepsin by stomach acid
what is the function of parietal cells and what is its function?
HCl - denatures proteins and actives pepsinogens
what is the function of endocrine cells and what is its function?
Gastrin - stimulates pepsinogen and Hal production and enhances gut motility
what secretions enter the duodenum through the major duodenal papilla?
pancreatic secretions and bile
what does the pancreas produce?
Exocrine secretions - pancreatic juice (pancreatic enzymes: exopeptidase + endopeptidases, and bicarbonate)
Endocrine secretions - insulin + glucose + somatostatin
what do the endocrine and exocrine secretions of the pancreas do?
Exocrine: break down peptides
Endocrine: primarily regulate blood glucose
how many lobes does the liver have? what are they called?
4
Left, right, caudate, quadrate
what are the functions of the liver?
metabolism
Producing blood clotting factors
produces bile
protein synthesis (albumin)
what abdominal region is the spleen found in?
left hypochondrium
what is the arterial supply to the spleen and why is it so tortuous ?
Splenic artery
slows down blood supply to make for smoother and prevent spleen from rupturing
how do the large and small intestine differ?
large intestine contains fatty tags (omental appendices), haustra (small pouches caused by sacculation) and taeni coli (longitudinal bands of muscle)
what are the different components of the large intestine?
Caecum, appendix, ascending, transerve, descending, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
what are some of the functions of the large intestine?
Recovery of water and electrolytes
formation and storage of faeces
fermentation of indigestible food matter by bacteria
what type of epithelium is found in small intestine ?
simple columnar
what is a lacteal?
lymphatic capillary/vessel of the small intestine that absorbs dietary fats
what type of epithelium is found in large intestine ?
simple columnar epithelium
where are Brunner’s glands found? what do they do?
in submucosa in duodenum
they secrete alkaline mucus
how does epithelium change from rectum to anus?
Rectum: simple columnar
Anus: stratified squamous
what name is given to the region that forms the endocrine portion of the pancreas?
islet of langerhans
function of gall bladder?
stores and concentrates bile
blood supply to the gall bladder?
cystic artery
what are gall stones?
crystallised masses that contain abundant cholesterol, pigment or a mixture of both
