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Phase 1: weeks 1-5 > Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Immunology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which are most abundant, WBCs or RBCs?

A

RBCs (700 to 1)

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2
Q

Draw the haematopoietic stem cell diagram

A

Common myeloid progenitor cell: mast cell, megakaryocytic, erythrocytes, myeloblast (Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil and monocytes (macrophages + dendritic cells))

Common lymphoid progenitor cell: Natural killer cell, small lymphocytes (B cells (plasma cells), T cells)

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3
Q

Which cells are part of the innate response?

A

Mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, Natural Killer cells

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4
Q

Which cells are part of the adaptive response?

A

B cells, T cells and plasma cells

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5
Q

What is the most abundant WBC in blood and what is the second?

A

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

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6
Q

Which immune system kicks in first?

A

Innate immune system

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7
Q

How abundant are neutrophils and how long can they survive for? What is their role?

A

50-60% of Leukocytes
6-12 hours

They phagocytose pathogens and release soluble mediators.

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8
Q

Name and briefly describe the 3 pathways in which complement can be activated?

A 
Classical pathway (antigen:antibody complex)
Mannose Binding (MB)-Lectin Pathway (Lectin binding to pathogen surfaces)
Alternative Pathway (pathogen surfaces)
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9
Q

What effect does activating complement have?

A

Recruitment of inflammatory cells
Opsonisation of pathogens (particles targeted/flagged for destruction)
Killing of pathogens

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10
Q

What is the complement cascade system?

A

Group of 20 plasma proteins that form part of the innate immune system.

It enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen’s cell membrane.

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11
Q

Which immune cells are granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
Mast cells

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12
Q

Which cell connects the innate immunity to adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic cell

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13
Q

How many segments is the Nucleus of the neutrophil lobed into?

A

3

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14
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

in the thymus

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15
Q

what are the 2 surface molecules that can be expressed by T cells and what is their role?

A

CD4: Helper T cells
CD8: Cytotoxic T cells

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16
Q

Where are B cells made and where do they mature?

A

In Bone marrow

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of adaptive immune responses?

A

Humoral: antibody mediated extracellular attack

Cell-mediated: cells and molecules “intercellular attack”

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18
Q

Describe neutrophils (including Nucleus and staining etc)

A

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of WBC. Their nuclei are mutlilobed (2-5 lobes) and have granules (hydrolytic enzymes). They degranulate very quickly. They are primarily involved in phagocytosis and after dying they form part of pus.

When stained: they have a neutral colour

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19
Q

Describe eosinophils (including Nucleus and staining etc)

A

Bilobed nucleus
When stained = red
Primarily combat parasitic infections, also involved in allergic reaction as contains histamine (soluble mediator)

Contains granules

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20
Q

Describe monocytes

A

Largest circulating blood cell (circulate for 1-3 days)
Differentiate into macrophages/dendritic cells in tissues
Produce cytokines and chemokines to attract other inflammatory cells.
They also present antigens to T lymphocytes to trigger a specific immune response.
Kidney shaped nucleus
Has vacuoles
Primarily involved in phagocytosis

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21
Q

DESCRIBE BASOPHILS

A

Granules (histamine and heparin)
Has S shaped bilobed nucleus
rarest type of WBC
Cause inflammatory reactions through interactions with IgE
Promote blood flow to tissues through release of prostaglandins

22
Q

What is the role of natural killer cells?

A

They are cytotoxic and help kill virally infected cells and cancerous cells

23
Q

Describe mast cells

A

They are similar to basophils
They are involved in allergic reactions
They have granules and release Histamine and heparin and other chemical mediators.

24
Q

What is the role of Helper T cells (CD4)

A

They assist B cells in proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells which produce antibodies.

25
Q

What is the role of Cytotoxic T cells

A

They destroy infected cells and initiate apoptosis

26
Q

What happens in primary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymphocytes form and mature

27
Q

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

28
Q

What happens in the thymus and what is its role?

A

T lymphocyte precursors mature into CD4 or CD8 T cells.

It selects auto reactive T cells to remove to prevent autoimmunity

29
Q

What happens in the bone narrow?

A

Site of B cell production and maturation

Site of T cell production

30
Q

What happens in Secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Initiates immune response as antigens activate lymphocytes

31
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen and Lymph nodes

32
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

33
Q

what are three functions of the spleen?

A

Recirculates iron
Reservoir for dead and dying RBCs and WBCs
Filters blood borne antigens from blood

34
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Drains/filters lymph fluid

Contains lymphocytes which activate immune response

35
Q

Where do B cells reside in the lymph node?

A

lymphoid follicle (goes primary, then secondary etc)

36
Q

Where do T cell reside in lymph node?

A

Paracortical area

37
Q

What type of cell resides in the medullary cord?

A

Macrophages

38
Q

Draw a lymph node

A

afferent, efferent, paracortical, lymphoid follicle, germinal centre

39
Q

What happens in germinal centre of lymph nodes?

A

B cells proliferate and mature

40
Q

describe how dendritic cells activate an adaptive immune response?

A

Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells which sample the environment for pathogens/foreign antigens. When they detect a pathogen, they phagocytose it and engulfs it . The antigen is digested into many different fragments of the antigen. The APCs migrate to the nearest lymph node via lymphatic vessels. They present the foreign antigen fragments to activate T lymphocytes.

41
Q

DESCRIBE ANTIBODY structure

A

Antibodies are Y shaped globular proteins which have 4 chains of 2 types: light and heavy.
There is a constant region (Fc) and Variable region (binding site)

42
Q

What are the five classes of antibody? What is their structure?

A 
M: Pentameric
A: dimeric
D: single
G: single
E: single
43
Q

Describe the characteristics of IgM

A

It is pentameric
The first antibody produced by the body in response to a foreign pathogen
Has the most binding sites so is good at binding
Good at activating complement

44
Q

Describe the characteristics of IgA

A

Dimeric

Found in secretions e.g. tears, mucosal surfaces

45
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A

Unknown

46
Q

Describe characteristics of IgG

A

Most abundant antibody in body.

IS transferred to foetus to provide it immunity.

47
Q

What are the roles of IgE

A

Involved in protection against parasites and allergies.

48
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A

Neutralisation: antibodies bind to an inactivate foreign substances e.g. pathogens
Activate the complement system to destroy bacteria via lysis (classical pathway)
Opsonisation: Facilitates phagocytosis of pathogens by phagocytic cell.

49
Q

What is needed for antigen fragment presentation to T cells?

A

MHC proteins - they allow T cells to distinguish self from non-self

50
Q

What are the two classes of MHC and how do they differ?

A

Class 1 MHC: presents antigens to Cytotoxic T cells

Class 2 MHC: presents antigens to Helper T cells

51
Q

Where are MHC class 1 and 2 found?

A 
MHC class 1: on all nucleated cells
MHC class 2: on antigen presenting cells e.g. dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages

Phase 1: weeks 1-5 (23 decks)

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