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Clinical Pathology > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What proteins are in the plasma?

A

Albumin and globulins (including fibrinogen and clotting factors)

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2
Q

Is fibrinogen in serum?

A

No

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3
Q

What are most of the plasma proteins synthesized by?

A

Hepatocytes

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4
Q

What do proteins contribute to?

A

Colloid oncotic pressure to help maintain intravascular volume

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5
Q

What is protein dyscrasia?

A

Presence of abnormal protein

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6
Q

What is dysproteinemia?

A

Presence of normal proteins at abnormal concentration

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7
Q

What is nonselective hyperproteinemia?

A

All protein concentrations are increased

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8
Q

What is selective hyperproteinemia?

A

Total protein concentration is increased and some protein concentrations are increased more than others

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9
Q

What is nonselective hypoproteinemia?

A

Total protein concentration is decreased and all proteins are decreased

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10
Q

What is selective hypoproteinemia?

A

Total protein concentration is decreased and some protein concentrations are decreased more than others

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11
Q

How do you determine if dysproteinemia is selective or nonselective?

A

Serum electrophoresis

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of dysproteinemia?

A

Other than dehydration, inflammation

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13
Q

What are the 3 groups of proteins whose plasma concentrations change during inflammation?

A

Positive Acute Phase Proteins
Negative APP
Delayed response proteins

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14
Q

How can you analyze total protein?

A

Refractometer

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15
Q

How does a refractometer work?

A

The degree of water refraction in a solution is proportional to the quantity of solids

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16
Q

How does a colorimetric work?

A

The amount of color change is proportional to the amount of protein

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17
Q

How do you analyze the albumin concentration?

A

BCG dye binding reaction: colorimetric

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18
Q

How do you determine the globulin concentration?

A

Total protein - albumin

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19
Q

How does serum protein electrophoresis work?

A

Migration through an acetate cellulose or agarose gel towards the anode
Separate in 4-6 groups of one or more bands

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperproteinemia?

A

Hemoconcentration

Inflammation is a common cause, but it does not always cause it

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21
Q

What is hemoconcentration caused by?

A

Loss of plasma H2O

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22
Q

How does B-lymphocyte neoplasia cause increased protein synthesis?

A

B-lymphocytes may produce immunoglobulin

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23
Q

When do hypoproteinemia occur?

A

When the remaining blood is diluted

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24
Q

What are causes of increased loss from vascular space?

A 
Blood loss
Protein Losing Nephropathy 
Protein losing enteropathy
Protein losing dermopathy
Plasma loss
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25
Q

What are the lab findings associated with protein losing nephropathy?

A

Proteinuria, mostly albuminruia
Hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia
Possible renal failure
Possible hypercholsterolemia

26
Q

What are the lab findings associated with protein losing enteropathy?

A

Hypoproteinemia

27
Q

What are the lab findings associated with protein losing dermopathy?

A

Nonselective hypoproteinemia

28
Q

What are the lab findings associated with plasma loss?

A

Nonselective hypoproteinemia

29
Q

What is hypoproteinemia?

A

Decreased synthesis and/or increased catabolism

30
Q

What are causes of hypoproteinemia?

A 
Hepatic insufficiency
Malabsorption or maldigestion
Cachectic states
Lymphoid hypoplasia/aplasia
Failure of passive transfer
Hemodilution
31
Q

What are causes of hyperalbuminemia?

A

Hemoconcentration (dehydration; decreased ECF)
Induced synthesis by glucocorticoid therapy
Falsely increased using BCG method

32
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperalbuminemia?

A

Hemoconcentration

33
Q

What are causes of hypoalbuminemia along with hyperproteinemia?

A

Inflammatory

Concurrent to B lymphocytes neoplasia

34
Q

What are causes of hypoalbuminemia along with hypoproteinemia?

A

Decreased production or loss or both

35
Q

What does hyperglobulinemia frequently occur with?

A

Hyperproteinemia, but it is possible with normoproteinemia due to hypoalbuminemia

36
Q

What are common causes of hyperglobulinemia?

A

Hemoconcentration
Inflammation
B lymphocyte neoplasia

37
Q

What is hypoglobulinemia commonly with?

A

Hypoproteinemia and occasionally with normoproteinemia

38
Q

What are the 2 main causes of hypoglobulinemia?

A

Decreased production

Loss

39
Q

What can increase APPs?

A

Any injury that causes inflammation (infectious or noninfectious)

40
Q

Why do you use positive acute phase proteins for evaluation?

A

Insensitivity of other tests

They provide another method of monitoring inflammation

41
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

Plasma protein produced by hepatocytes

Used for production of fibrin by thrombin

42
Q

What are causes of hyperfibrinogenemia?

A

Hemoconcentration

Inflammation

43
Q

What is the plasma protein to fibrinogen ratio (PP:F)?

A

Ratio to help differentiate hyperfibrinogenemia of inflammation from hemoconcentration

44
Q

What is the PP:F for cattle?

A

> 15 likely dehydration; <10 likely inflammation

45
Q

What is the PP:F for horses?

A

> 20 likely dehydration; <15 likely inflammation

46
Q

What will dehydration do to APPs?

A

Increase all proteins at the same degree

47
Q

What will inflammation do to APPs?

A

increases fibrinogen and other proteins but will also decrease some proteins

48
Q

What samples are preferred for APPs other than fibrinogen?

A

Serum

49
Q

What APPs use special tests?

A 
Serum C-reactive protein
Haptoglobin
Serum Amyloid A
a1-Acid glycoprotein
Ceruloplasmin
Ferritin
50
Q

What is the most common reason to measure Ig?

A

Determine passive transfer from mares to foals and cows to calves

51
Q

What is failure of passive transfer?

A

Placentation in horses and calves prevents in utero transfer of Ig

52
Q

How do foals and calves obtain maternal Ig?

A

They need to ingest colostrum soon after parturition

53
Q

What is Ig uptake mediated by?

A

Fc receptor on epithelial cells

54
Q

What are causes of FPT?

A

Lack of colostrum intake
Inadequate IgG in the colostrum
Failure to absorb and potentially due to different haplotypes of Fc receptors in calves

55
Q

What is considered adequate passive transfer in foals?

A

IgG >800 mg/dL

56
Q

What is considered complete FPT in foals?

A

IgG <200 mg/dL

57
Q

What is considered partial FPT in foals?

A

IgG <800 mg/dL and >200mg/dL

58
Q

What is considered adequate passive transfer for calves?

A

IgG > 1000-1600 mg/dL

59
Q

What is considered complete FPT in calves?

A

IgG < 500-800 mg/dL

60
Q

What is considered partial FPT in calves?

A

IgG <1600 mg/dL and >800 mg/dL

61
Q

What are ways to test for FPT?

A

Radial immune diffusion (most used)
Glutaraldehyde coagulation test
Latex agglutination

Clinical Pathology (16 decks)

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