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Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are lipids soluble in?

A

Organic solvents, relatively insoluble in water

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2
Q

What are the more frequently measured lipids?

A

Cholesterol and triglycerides

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3
Q

What are the lipids found in mammals?

A 
Sterols
Glycerol esters
Fatty acids
Sphingosines
Terpenes
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4
Q

What are examples of sterols?

A 
Cholesterol
Cholesterol esters
Bile acids
Steroid hormones
Vitamin D
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5
Q

What are examples of glycerol esters?

A

Phospholipids
Monoglycerides
Diglycerides
Triglycerides

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6
Q

What are examples of fatty acids?

A

Short, medium, and long-chain prostaglandins

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7
Q

What are examples of sphingosines?

A

Shinomyelin

Glycosphingolipids

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8
Q

What are examples of terpenes?

A

Vitamins A, E, and K

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9
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy
Structural cell membrane
Substrate for hormones
Second messengers

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10
Q

What are most of cholesterol and all TG associated to?

A

Lipoproteins

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11
Q

What are lipoproteins classified by?

A

Their electrophoresis mobility or their density in comparison to water

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12
Q

What is the general composition of lipoproteins?

A

Outside surface contains phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolopoprotein; core is TGs and cholesterol esters

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13
Q

What does the density of lipoprotein increase with?

A

The increase of [protein]

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14
Q

Do dogs, cats, and horses habe more HDL or LDL?

A

HDL

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15
Q

What does a predominance of HDL mean?

A

Less cholesterol transfer between lipoproteins leading to decreased suscetibility to atherogenesis

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16
Q

What is the lipid to protein ratio of dietary TG?

A

70:1

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17
Q

What is the lipid to protein ratio of phospholipid and cholesterol ester?

A

1:1

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18
Q

What do disorders of lipoprotein metabolism involve?

A

Excess synthesis, defective lipolysis, or defective clearance or cellular uptake of lipoproteins

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19
Q

What catalyzes lipolysis?

A

LPL

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20
Q

What does intravenous heparin do to lipoprotein metabolism?

A

Promoted release of LPL from endothelial cells and heptaocyte lipase to plasma

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21
Q

What are lipoprotein remnants cleared from the plasma by?

A

Hepatocytes

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22
Q

What is critical for lipoprotein metabolism?

A

Apolipoproteins

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23
Q

What is apolipoprotein A?

A

Intestine, liver

Associated mostly with HDL

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24
Q

What is apolipoprotein B?

A

Intestine, liver
Synthesis and secretion of chylomicrons and VLDL; endocytosis of lipoprotein particles from VLDL, IDL, LDL, and chylomicrons remnants

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25
What is apolipoprotein C?
Liver Mostly in VLDL, HDL, chylomicrons C-II is a cofactor for LPL
26
What is apolipoprotein D?
LCAT< HDL
27
What is apolipoprotein E?
Liver, macrophages | All lipoproteins
28
What are the major lipases?
LPL | Hepatic lipase
29
Where are hepatic lipases?
Endothelial cells of hepatic sinusoids
30
What do many extrahepatic cells produce?
LPL
31
What is the activity of extrahepatic cells enhanced by?
Insulin Thyroxin Heparin
32
Where is most of the circulating cholesterol in fasting?
Lipoproteins
33
What is most of the circulating cholesterol produced by in fasting?
Hepatocytes
34
What does cholesterol synthesis start with?
Acetyl CoA
35
What is the potential toxic effect of free cholesterol prevented by?
Cholesterole esterification
36
What delivers hepatocyte-made cholesterol to other cells?
LDL
37
What scavenges excess cholesterol throughout the body and delivers it to hepatocytes?
HDL
38
How does cholesterol enter cells?
Receptor-mediate endocytosis
39
What is serum [cholesterol] composed of?
Cholesterol and cholesterol esters
40
What sample is preferred for cholesterol?
Serum
41
What causes hypercholesterolemia?
Increased production by hepatocytes and enterocytes Decreased lupolysis or intravascular processing of lipoproteins Cholestasis Diabetes mellitus
42
What causes increased production of cholesterol by hepatocytes?
Nephrotic syndrome or protein-losing nephropathy
43
What causes increased production of cholesterol by enterocytes?
Posprandial hyperlipidemia
44
What causes decreased lipolysis or intravascular processing of lipoproteins associated with hypercholesteremia?
Hypothyroidism | Nephrotic syndrome or protein-losing nephropathy
45
What causes hypocholsterolemia?
Decreased cholesterol production | Hypoadrenocorticism
46
What are triglycerides?
3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone
47
What transports TG from intestine and liver to myocytes and adipocytes?
Lipoprotein
48
In fasting animals, what are most TGs produced by?
Hepatocytes
49
What are most TGs associated to in fasting animals?
Lipoproteins
50
What are most of the TGs produced by in a postprandial state?
Enterocytes
51
What are most of the TGs associated to in a postprandial state?
Chylomicrons
52
What does production of TGs start with?
Fatty acids and glycerol is added
53
What sample is preferred for TGs?
Serum
54
What can cause sample turbidity with TGs?
Increased concentration of chylomicrons or VLDL
55
What causes hyppertriglyceridemia?
Increased triglyceride production by hepatocytes and enterocytes Decreased lipolysis or intravascular processing of lipoproteins Acute pancreatitis Diabetes mellitus
56
What causes increased triglyceride production by hepatocytes?
Equine hyperlipemia or hyperlipidemia
57
What causes increased triglyceride production by enterocytes?
Postprandial hyperlipidemia
58
What causes hypotriglyceridemia?
No significant pathological states
59
What are hyperlipemia and hyperlipidemia?
Increased [lipids] in the blood
60
What is hyperlipoproteinemia?
Increased [lipoprotein] in the blood
61
What is lipemia or lipidemia?
Used to describe turbid or opaque appearance of serum or plasma
62
What are causes of primary (familial) hyperlipoproteinemia?
Congenital defects of lipoprotein metabolism Uncommon in domestic animals Increased production of lipoproteins by hepatocytes Defective intravascular processing of lipoproteins Defective cellular uptake of lipoprotein remnants
63
What are causes of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia?
Acquired | Involves damaged cells or abnormal hormone production
64
What causes physiologic (postprandial) hyperlipidemia in monogastric animals?
Chylomicrons
65
What are examples of primary hyperlipidemia?
Idiopathic hyperlipidemia of Miniature Schnauzers Hyperlipidemia in a Brittany dog Idiopathic hyperlipidemia in other breeds Congenital LPL deficiency in a mixed-breed puppy Primary hyperchylomicronemia in cats Hypercholestrolemia in Briards
66
What is the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis?
Likely decreased processing of chylomicrons and VLDL
67
What do 75% of hypothyroid dogs have?
Fasting hypercholesterolemia
68
What do 90% of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism have?
Fasting hypercholesteremia
69
What are causes of nephrotic syndrome and PLN in dogs and cats?
Increased hepatic production of VLDL Deficiency of lipases and some lipoprotein receptors Defective conversion of cholesterol to bile acids
70
What are mechanisms of equine hyperlipemia?
Catecholamines and glucagon stimulate hormone-dependent lipase in hepatocytes releasing fatty acids Glucocorticoid hormones stimulate hormone-dependent lipase in hepatocytes Decreased insulin activity inhibits LPL which decreases hydrolysos of TG

Clinical Pathology (16 decks)

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