Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are lipids soluble in?

A

Organic solvents, relatively insoluble in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the more frequently measured lipids?

A

Cholesterol and triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the lipids found in mammals?

A 
Sterols
Glycerol esters
Fatty acids
Sphingosines
Terpenes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are examples of sterols?

A 
Cholesterol
Cholesterol esters
Bile acids
Steroid hormones
Vitamin D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are examples of glycerol esters?

A

Phospholipids
Monoglycerides
Diglycerides
Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are examples of fatty acids?

A

Short, medium, and long-chain prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are examples of sphingosines?

A

Shinomyelin

Glycosphingolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are examples of terpenes?

A

Vitamins A, E, and K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy
Structural cell membrane
Substrate for hormones
Second messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are most of cholesterol and all TG associated to?

A

Lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are lipoproteins classified by?

A

Their electrophoresis mobility or their density in comparison to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the general composition of lipoproteins?

A

Outside surface contains phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolopoprotein; core is TGs and cholesterol esters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the density of lipoprotein increase with?

A

The increase of [protein]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do dogs, cats, and horses habe more HDL or LDL?

A

HDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does a predominance of HDL mean?

A

Less cholesterol transfer between lipoproteins leading to decreased suscetibility to atherogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the lipid to protein ratio of dietary TG?

A

70:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the lipid to protein ratio of phospholipid and cholesterol ester?

A

1:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do disorders of lipoprotein metabolism involve?

A

Excess synthesis, defective lipolysis, or defective clearance or cellular uptake of lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What catalyzes lipolysis?

A

LPL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does intravenous heparin do to lipoprotein metabolism?

A

Promoted release of LPL from endothelial cells and heptaocyte lipase to plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are lipoprotein remnants cleared from the plasma by?

A

Hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is critical for lipoprotein metabolism?

A

Apolipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is apolipoprotein A?

A

Intestine, liver

Associated mostly with HDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is apolipoprotein B?

A

Intestine, liver
Synthesis and secretion of chylomicrons and VLDL; endocytosis of lipoprotein particles from VLDL, IDL, LDL, and chylomicrons remnants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is apolipoprotein C?

A

Liver
Mostly in VLDL, HDL, chylomicrons
C-II is a cofactor for LPL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is apolipoprotein D?

A

LCAT< HDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is apolipoprotein E?

A

Liver, macrophages

All lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the major lipases?

A

LPL

Hepatic lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where are hepatic lipases?

A

Endothelial cells of hepatic sinusoids

30
Q

What do many extrahepatic cells produce?

A

LPL

31
Q

What is the activity of extrahepatic cells enhanced by?

A

Insulin
Thyroxin
Heparin

32
Q

Where is most of the circulating cholesterol in fasting?

A

Lipoproteins

33
Q

What is most of the circulating cholesterol produced by in fasting?

A

Hepatocytes

34
Q

What does cholesterol synthesis start with?

A

Acetyl CoA

35
Q

What is the potential toxic effect of free cholesterol prevented by?

A

Cholesterole esterification

36
Q

What delivers hepatocyte-made cholesterol to other cells?

A

LDL

37
Q

What scavenges excess cholesterol throughout the body and delivers it to hepatocytes?

A

HDL

38
Q

How does cholesterol enter cells?

A

Receptor-mediate endocytosis

39
Q

What is serum [cholesterol] composed of?

A

Cholesterol and cholesterol esters

40
Q

What sample is preferred for cholesterol?

A

Serum

41
Q

What causes hypercholesterolemia?

A

Increased production by hepatocytes and enterocytes
Decreased lupolysis or intravascular processing of lipoproteins
Cholestasis
Diabetes mellitus

42
Q

What causes increased production of cholesterol by hepatocytes?

A

Nephrotic syndrome or protein-losing nephropathy

43
Q

What causes increased production of cholesterol by enterocytes?

A

Posprandial hyperlipidemia

44
Q

What causes decreased lipolysis or intravascular processing of lipoproteins associated with hypercholesteremia?

A

Hypothyroidism

Nephrotic syndrome or protein-losing nephropathy

45
Q

What causes hypocholsterolemia?

A

Decreased cholesterol production

Hypoadrenocorticism

46
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone

47
Q

What transports TG from intestine and liver to myocytes and adipocytes?

A

Lipoprotein

48
Q

In fasting animals, what are most TGs produced by?

A

Hepatocytes

49
Q

What are most TGs associated to in fasting animals?

A

Lipoproteins

50
Q

What are most of the TGs produced by in a postprandial state?

A

Enterocytes

51
Q

What are most of the TGs associated to in a postprandial state?

A

Chylomicrons

52
Q

What does production of TGs start with?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol is added

53
Q

What sample is preferred for TGs?

A

Serum

54
Q

What can cause sample turbidity with TGs?

A

Increased concentration of chylomicrons or VLDL

55
Q

What causes hyppertriglyceridemia?

A

Increased triglyceride production by hepatocytes and enterocytes
Decreased lipolysis or intravascular processing of lipoproteins
Acute pancreatitis
Diabetes mellitus

56
Q

What causes increased triglyceride production by hepatocytes?

A

Equine hyperlipemia or hyperlipidemia

57
Q

What causes increased triglyceride production by enterocytes?

A

Postprandial hyperlipidemia

58
Q

What causes hypotriglyceridemia?

A

No significant pathological states

59
Q

What are hyperlipemia and hyperlipidemia?

A

Increased [lipids] in the blood

60
Q

What is hyperlipoproteinemia?

A

Increased [lipoprotein] in the blood

61
Q

What is lipemia or lipidemia?

A

Used to describe turbid or opaque appearance of serum or plasma

62
Q

What are causes of primary (familial) hyperlipoproteinemia?

A

Congenital defects of lipoprotein metabolism
Uncommon in domestic animals
Increased production of lipoproteins by hepatocytes
Defective intravascular processing of lipoproteins
Defective cellular uptake of lipoprotein remnants

63
Q

What are causes of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia?

A

Acquired

Involves damaged cells or abnormal hormone production

64
Q

What causes physiologic (postprandial) hyperlipidemia in monogastric animals?

A

Chylomicrons

65
Q

What are examples of primary hyperlipidemia?

A

Idiopathic hyperlipidemia of Miniature Schnauzers
Hyperlipidemia in a Brittany dog
Idiopathic hyperlipidemia in other breeds
Congenital LPL deficiency in a mixed-breed puppy
Primary hyperchylomicronemia in cats
Hypercholestrolemia in Briards

66
Q

What is the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis?

A

Likely decreased processing of chylomicrons and VLDL

67
Q

What do 75% of hypothyroid dogs have?

A

Fasting hypercholesterolemia

68
Q

What do 90% of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism have?

A

Fasting hypercholesteremia

69
Q

What are causes of nephrotic syndrome and PLN in dogs and cats?

A

Increased hepatic production of VLDL
Deficiency of lipases and some lipoprotein receptors
Defective conversion of cholesterol to bile acids

70
Q

What are mechanisms of equine hyperlipemia?

A

Catecholamines and glucagon stimulate hormone-dependent lipase in hepatocytes releasing fatty acids
Glucocorticoid hormones stimulate hormone-dependent lipase in hepatocytes
Decreased insulin activity inhibits LPL which decreases hydrolysos of TG

Clinical Pathology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions