Glucose, Ketamine, and Related Regulatory Hormones Flashcards
What does insulin do?
Decreases blood glucose concentration
Promotes uptake by hepatocytes, myocytes, and adipocytes
How does glucose enter cells?
Via receptors GLUT1 to GLUT7
Which glucose receptor is insulin dependent? Where is it?
GLUT4
Present in myocytes and adipocytes
How does glucagon increase [glucose]?
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
What do catecholamines do?
Primarily decreased insulin release
Increases glycogenolysis
Leads to GH release –> increases [glucose] by decreasing uptake by hepatocytes and myocytes
Cortisol increases [glucose] by gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance
What sample is needed to analyze glucose?
Serum or heparanized plasma
What are the physiologic causes of hyperglycemia?
Postprandial
Excitement or fright
Steroid associated hyperlgycemia
DIestrus
What are the pathologic cause of hyperglycemia?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 2 DM Pancreatic DM Endocrine DM Infetious (BVD, Sepsis) Hyperammonemia Pharmacologic
What is the most common canine DM?
Type 1 DM
What is the most common cat DM?
Type 2 DM
What does type 1 DM do?
β-cell destruction
What does type 2 DM do?
Insulin resistance with inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response
What does pancreatic DM do?
Any pancreatic disease that damages high numbers of β-cells
What is hypoglycemia caused by?
Increased glucose use, decreased glucose production, or both
What are the pathologic causes of hypoglycemia?
Increased insulin secretion Decreased insulin antagonism Decreased gluconeogenesis Decreased glycogenolysis Increased glucose utilization Sepsis Pharmacologic or toxicologic
What are causes of increased insulin secretion?
Functional pancreatic β-cell neoplasia
Xylitol toxicosis
What are causes of decreased insulin antagonism?
Hypoadrenocoritcism
GH deficiency
Hypopituitarism
What is a cause of decreased gluconeogenesis?
Hepatic insufficiency
What is a cause of increased glucose utilization?
Lactational hypoglycemia
What is fructosamine?
Ketoamines formed by irreversibly linking of glucose to albumin or other plasma proteins (mostly IgG)
What is glycated Hgb?
Ketoamine formed by the addition of glucose to Hgb
What is the half-life of fructosamine?
2-3 weeks, but variable between species
What is the half-life of glycated Hgb?
2-3 months
What are causes of increased fructosamine and glycated Hgb?
DM
Hypothyroidism
Hyperproteinemia
What are causes of decreased fructosamine and glycated Hgb?
Insulinoma in dogs
Hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia
Cats with hyperthyroidism
Anemia
